Living in Türkiye: the ultimate expat guide

Türkiye is more than just a destination; it's an experience. It's a country where history is not just studied but felt, where landscapes are not only seen but also inspired, where every meal is a journey of flavors, and where every street corner tells a story. Whether you're an expat seeking a new adventure or a traveler moving abroad in search of beauty and history, living in Türkiye promises an experience that is both enriching and unforgettable.

Türkiye has a generally favorable climate

A sizeable country of 783,562 square kilometers (about the combined size of the United Kingdom and France), Türkiye shares borders with Armenia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq and Syria, and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea.

A vast majority of the Turkish territory expands over Anatolia, which is in Asia, and about 3% of the country is located in the European Balkans. Did you know that you can cross continents via the famous bridges over the Bosporus or by the funicular tunnel (Marmaray metro line) merged underwater? It only takes a few minutes to pass from Asia to Europe, or vice versa, depending on the traffic!

The climate varies significantly according to regional conditions. Central and eastern Anatolia are marked by a continental climate, with hot summers and cold, snowy winters from November to March, while the western and southern coasts enjoy a Mediterranean climate with lukewarm winters and rainier summers. In the northern seaside regions (Istanbul included), a high humidity rate further aggravates extreme hot and cold temperatures.

Good to know:

A common complaint among Istanbul dwellers crushed by the August heat is "esmiyor"! (which could be translated as 'the wind won't blow!'), and it has become a widespread internet meme.

Turkish economy is continuously dynamic

As of 2023, Türkiye's population is approximately 85 million. The country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the same year is $1.154 trillion (nominal). The country's economic mainstays include textile, agriculture, automotive and electrical appliances manufacture. Tourism also plays an important role in the country's economy.

Türkiye has achieved outstanding economic performance over the past years. Macroeconomic and fiscal stability have contributed to boosting exports, employment and purchasing power have significantly progressed.

More recently, however, the Turkish economy has registered a slowdown, contributing to a devaluation of the national currency, the Turkish lira. The currency has faced significant volatility, influenced by both domestic economic policies and international market dynamics. The devaluation has had mixed effects: while it has made Turkish exports more competitive on the global market, it has also increased the cost of imports and contributed to inflationary pressures within the country.

The Turkish government has responded to these challenges with a range of measures aimed at stabilizing the economy and restoring growth. These efforts include monetary policy adjustments, fiscal stimulus packages, and initiatives to support key sectors of the economy. Additionally, Türkiye continues to leverage its strategic geographic position, connecting Europe and Asia, to foster international trade and investment.

Despite the recent economic headwinds, Türkiye's long-term economic prospects remain favorable, with its young and dynamic population, diversified economy, and ongoing efforts to enhance innovation and productivity. The country's resilience and adaptability in the face of economic challenges continue to make it an important player in the regional and global economic scene.

Türkiye offers a range of career prospects for expats

The service industry in Türkiye is a significant employer of expats. Many expatriates leverage their language skills and international experience in roles such as teachers, particularly English language instructors in private schools and language centers. The tourism sector also offers numerous opportunities, with roles ranging from tourism management to guiding, where expats can make the most of their cultural insights and language abilities.

The growing startup ecosystem in cities like Istanbul is attracting a younger generation of expats who are entrepreneurs or skilled professionals in fields like technology and digital marketing services.

Türkiye aims to integrate closely with the EU

Politics in Türkiye are characterized by its unique position both geographically and in terms of its political landscape, bridging the East and the West. The country operates under a parliamentary representative democracy, with the AKP (Justice and Development Party) having been a dominant force in Turkish politics for the past two decades under the leadership of Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Erdogan's tenure has seen significant political, economic, and social changes, reflecting the dynamic nature of Türkiye's internal and external politics.

The Turkish government has been actively involved in regional politics, reflecting its strategic importance in the Middle East and its role as a gateway between Europe and Asia. Türkiye's membership in the European Council and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) underscores its pivotal role in European and global economic systems. Furthermore, as a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Türkiye contributes significantly to regional security dynamics, emphasizing its strategic military position.

Türkiye's relationship with the European Union (EU) has been complex and multifaceted. For years, Türkiye has been in negotiations for EU membership, a process that has seen ups and downs influenced by various factors, including economic reforms, human rights issues, and geopolitical tensions. These negotiations highlight Türkiye's aspirations to integrate more closely with European structures while also balancing its unique cultural and political identity.

Türkiye has an exceptionally rich and diverse cultural landscape

Heir to the Ottoman Empire, which used to rule over a huge territory encompassing large swathes of the Middle East, Eastern Europe and North Africa, Türkiye stands at the crossroads between civilizations. Its culture bears the mark of a broad range of influences from past Anatolian societies. Living in Türkiye means that you can shop from the world's oldest malls, like the Grand Bazaar, which goes back more than 500 years. For more information about Turkish culture, please consult our article about the Turkish lifestyle.

Architectural heritage

Türkiye's architecture is a testament to its rich history, showcasing a blend of Byzantine, Ottoman, Roman, and modern influences. Iconic structures like the Hagia Sophia and the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, the ancient city of Ephesus, and the fairy chimneys of Cappadocia are just a few examples of Türkiye's diverse architectural heritage. These historical sites not only attract tourists from around the world but also serve as daily reminders of the country's rich past to its residents.

Music and Arts

Turkish music and arts are deeply influenced by the country's historical and cultural diversity. Traditional music ranges from Ottoman classical to folk music, with each region contributing its unique sound and style. In the realm of arts, Türkiye is home to a vibrant contemporary art scene, with Istanbul hosting numerous art festivals and galleries that showcase both local and international artists.

Television and Entertainment industry

As one of the world's leading exporters of television dramas, Türkiye's entertainment industry has gained international acclaim. Turkish soap operas, known for their captivating storylines and production quality, have a massive following in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and even Latin America. This surge in the popularity of Turkish TV series has not only boosted the country's cultural profile globally but also provided a window into Turkish society and culture for the international audience.

Turkish cuisine

Turkish cuisine is another area where the confluence of various cultures is evident. Known for its rich flavors and diverse dishes, Turkish food is a delight for expatriates. From the spiced meats of kebabs to the sweetness of baklava, the cuisine is a reflection of Türkiye's historical interactions with neighboring regions. Additionally, the traditional Turkish tea and coffee culture provides a social backdrop for both locals and expats to mingle and share stories.

Turkish people have an active and vibrant social life

Living in Türkiye gives expatriates a rare opportunity to fully immerse themselves in the diverse cultural landscape of their country. Turkish life is depicted on a daily basis through the lively marketplaces, where the air is heavy with the aroma of spices and the sound of bartering, and the bustling street life, where modernization and tradition coexist harmoniously. This blending of traditional and modern lifestyles creates a dynamic environment that is both fascinating and hospitable to visitors.

Throughout the year, Türkiye's social fabric is interwoven with a variety of regional celebrations, offering foreign visitors plenty of chances to take part in anything from religious rituals to music festivals and get to know Turkish people better. These gatherings offer a glimpse into Türkiye's rich culture and highlight the nation's delectable food, music, dancing, and rich customs. They are more than just enjoyable events. By participating in these celebrations, foreigners can encounter the friendly and giving nature of Turkish hospitality and eventually make Turkish friends. The Turkish people's warmth and openness allow for deep connections and friendships, which will enhance your experience even more.

Türkiye's diverse topography, which includes breathtaking beaches, untamed mountains, and undulating plains, provides a playground for those who enjoy the outdoors and an adrenaline rush. Türkiye's vast array of archeological monuments, ancient towns, and gigantic ruins bear witness to the country's rich historical legacy, which spans both the European and Asian continents. By visiting these locations, foreigners can travel back in time and establish connections with the civilizations that have influenced Türkiye's current culture and identity.

In short, Türkiye offers extensive opportunities for newcomers to experience the country "from the inside". Thanks to the hospitality of the Turkish people and an abundance of cultural events where you can meet new people, Türkiye is one of the rare countries that make it easy to "feel at home". To speed up your integration into the local community, do your best to learn and speak Turkish as soon as you can.

Expats in Türkiye will experience a welcoming and active scene

A gateway between Europe and Asia, Türkiye acts as a magnet for expats regardless of their home country. Türkiye's major cities – Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir – are home to large communities of Americans, Europeans, and Iranians. In recent years, there is also an increasing number of expats from Asia and Arabic countries. Many of them work in the service industry, often at positions enabling them to make the most of their foreign language skills (such as teacher or tourism manager positions).

In 2022, Türkiye welcomed a lot of new expats from Eastern Europe, mainly Russia and Ukraine. In fact, in 2022, Russian citizens purchased a record number of homes in Türkiye — over 16,300. This has resulted in a number of changes in Türkiye's immigration and visa policy.

This influx of international residents has led to the opening of businesses catering to these communities, including restaurants serving Russian and Ukrainian cuisine, shops selling products from their home countries, and cultural centers where expatriates can connect and share their traditions. Such developments have not only enriched the multicultural landscape of Türkiye but have also fostered a sense of community among expatriates, allowing them to feel more at home in their new environment.

Türkiye has a well-developed healthcare system, especially in the private sector

Healthcare in Türkiye is well developed, with most hospitals boasting state-of-the-art medical facilities and highly qualified personnel.

Foreign nationals must have health insurance coverage, especially if they are asking for a residency card. As an alternative, foreign workers hired by Turkish businesses are registered in the SGK, the country's social security system, which provides extensive coverage, such as free hospital inpatient and outpatient treatment, coverage for the majority of medical conditions, and prescription drug savings. For expats who want more comprehensive coverage or treatments not sufficiently offered by public healthcare, private health insurance is an additional choice.

Public hospitals in Türkiye offer a wide range of services at minimal cost to those covered by SGK. However, expatriates might face challenges such as long waiting times and limited English-speaking staff in public facilities. On the other hand, private hospitals are known for their quality services and shorter waiting times, with many catering specifically to foreigners and expatriates. Note, however, that a visit to a private hospital, as in most countries, comes with higher expenses.

Türkiye has become a hub for medical tourism, offering high-quality and affordable dental care and specialist medical services. The cost of dental procedures in Türkiye is considerably lower than in many Western countries, attracting expatriates and international visitors seeking treatments such as dental implants, crowns, and veneers.

Knowing how to access emergency services in Türkiye is crucial. The universal emergency number in Türkiye is 112, providing immediate access to medical, fire, and police assistance. Ambulance services are efficient, especially in urban areas, ensuring quick response times.

Pharmacies are widespread, with "nöbetçi eczane" or duty pharmacies available after hours and on weekends. While prescription policies are strict, pharmacists offer valuable advice and assistance, contributing to the healthcare system's accessibility.

Turkish immigration policies change often – it's important to stay updated

For a long time, Türkiye has been known for its very welcoming approach to both tourists and those willing to stay in the country for longer. Residents of many countries can travel to Türkiye visa-free for a period of up to 90 days. And, if you decide to stay longer, expats used to have the option to apply for a temporary residence permit, simply known as a tourist residence permit.

However, in recent years, following a large influx of foreigners into the country, Türkiye has been in the process of reviewing its immigration policies. As of 2024, applying for a tourist residence permit is rather complicated if you are a new applicant.

Another option for gaining long-term residency in Türkiye is through the purchase of real estate. In 2024, Türkiye raised the minimum purchase amount from USD 75,000 to USD you will be eligible for a residence permit, also known as Tapu-based residence ("tapu" means "deed" in Turkish). Buying property valued at over USD 600,000 will give you grounds to apply for a Turkish passport.

Another way to live in Türkiye long-term is through employment. Expats planning to work in Türkiye must obtain a work permit in addition to a residence permit. The work permit is usually applied for by the employer on behalf of the expatriate. The Ministry of Family, Labor, and Social Services evaluates work permit applications based on several criteria, including the needs of the labor market, the expatriate's qualifications, and the employer's status. Successful applicants are granted a work permit that also serves as their residence permit. Please note that it's getting increasingly complicated and time-consuming to get a work permit in Türkiye via employment unless you are exceptionally qualified.

If you plan to own a business in the country, you will also need to apply for a work permit — but the application process and the documents required will be different.

Expats in Türkiye prefer to settle in big cities and coastal towns

Most people moving to Türkiye first look into big cities. This brings them close to all the amenities of a modern environment and expat communities and gives them a chance to speak English and be understood in many everyday situations.

Ankara, Türkiye's capital, offers a more laid-back atmosphere but still provides ample job opportunities even for expats, particularly in sectors like education, diplomacy, and business.

Izmir, known for its beautiful coastline and liberal culture, attracts expats with its high quality of life and vibrant expat community.

For those who would rather see themselves living in a small town, explore Western Türkiye. Encompassing regions like the Aegean and Marmara coasts, Western Türkiye holds a special appeal for expatriates with its unique blend of history, culture, and natural beauty. This part of Türkiye, particularly the coastal areas, is known for its relaxed lifestyle, stunning scenery, and rich historical sites, making it an attractive destination for those seeking a balance between work and leisure. Here, you will mostly find smaller rural areas and smaller tourist towns, as well as larger cities like Antalya.

The Aegean region, with cities like Bodrum, Marmaris and Cesme, is famous for its idyllic beaches, crystal-clear waters, and charming towns. UK expats are particularly drawn to this area for its Mediterranean climate, outdoor activities, and the laid-back lifestyle it offers. The region is dotted with historical sites, from ancient Greek ruins to Byzantine and Ottoman architecture, providing a living history lesson and endless exploration opportunities.

The Marmara region, particularly around the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles, is another favorite among expatriates. The area is rich in cultural heritage, which is evident in cities like Edirne with its majestic mosques and Bursa with its historical markets and thermal baths. The region's proximity to Istanbul also makes it an attractive option for those who prefer a quieter life but still want access to the amenities of a big city.

For expats with families, Western Türkiye provides a safe and nurturing environment, with access to international schools and a variety of family-friendly activities. The expat communities in these regions are well-established, offering a supportive network for newcomers.