First of all, congratulations on the offer! Columbia University is a very prestigious place for research.
I've lived in NYC for about 7 years, so I can try to help with your questions:
1. The apartment market in NYC is a bit crazy. This could be a post on its own, but I'll try to break it down for you:
- 10 days is plenty of time, especially if you do research on the market ahead of time. Most good places are on the market for less than a week before they are rented.
- Most move-in dates will be on the first of the month. Mid-month move-ins are uncommon but can be arranged if the prior tenant moves out early.
- You can find an apartment on your own (using websites or contacting building mgmt companies directly) or through a broker. Some buildings are broker-only. Expect to pay 1-month to 15% on a broker fee (occasionally there will be "no fee" brokers).
- http://streeteasy.com/nyc/rentals - This is probably the best site for finding rentals, because it let's you define a lot of criteria, plus see your results on the map.
- http://www.nybits.com/ - This is all no-fee apartments listed by the direct mgmt companies. Another great way to find an apartment.
- You can use Craigslist (newyork.craigslist.org) to find both fee and no-fee apartments. Be careful, though - Craigslist has a lot of "bait and switch". Also, NEVER send any money through the mail to someone offering an apartment. If you use common sense, it will be fine and you can find some good places.
- I would recommend using those sites to get a general feel for the market now. Then the week before your trip to NYC, start to contact brokers and management companies to line up apartment viewings once you've landed.
2. I'm not sure how taxes will look and if you'll have a break working for a university. A rule of thumb for many buildings is that your rent should be no more 40 times your gross annual salary. If it's more, you may need a guarantor (someone who can co-sign the lease with you and has a salary of 80 times the rent).
3. I'm not so familiar with that area, but I would recommend looking at several neighborhoods in that vicinity. You'd be surprised at how much it can change from block-to-block. If you can get it in Turkey, there is a guidebook called NFT (Not For Tourists) that has pretty good descriptions of each neighborhood and what's around there. Your best bet is to get to the City before you commit to a particular neighborhood. Using the websites I listed above will at least help you get an idea of the rents in each area.
4. Using Craigslist, you may be able to find a sublet or a temporary apartment. Sometimes people will rent out their place when they go on vacation.
Good luck and don't hesitate to let me know if you have any follow-up questions!
Cheers
outernational