Living in Jamaica: the ultimate expat guide

Jamaica operates a relatively straightforward immigration system for short stays, with visa exemptions for many nationalities. For longer-term residence, several pathways exist depending on your circumstances. The official agency handling all immigration matters is the Passport, Immigration and Citizenship Agency (PICA), located at 25 Constant Spring Road, Kingston 10.

Visa-free entry for short stays

Citizens of the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada can enter Jamaica visa-free for up to 90 days for tourism or business purposes. Most European Union nationals enjoy similar exemptions, though it's advisable to verify based on your specific nationality. US Green Card holders traveling directly from the United States don't require a visa. A useful provision allows those holding valid US, UK, Canadian, or Schengen visas to enter Jamaica without a separate Jamaican visa for stays of up to 30 days.

Mandatory entry requirement: Form C5

All travelers, regardless of nationality, must complete Form C5 online before arrival through enterjamaica.gov.jm. This document collects personal information, travel details, and customs declarations.

Visa categories available

For stays requiring a visa, several options exist. The tourist visa permits stays of up to 3 months with multiple entry options. Student visas are available for those enrolled full-time at Jamaican institutions. A work visa requires obtaining a Work Permit from the Ministry of Labour & Social Security. Spouses of Jamaican citizens can apply for a spouse visa, while permanent residence is accessible through various categories.

Visa application process

Processing typically takes 10 to 15 business days. Submit applications at least 3 weeks before travel, but no more than 6 weeks in advance. Required documents include a valid passport (minimum 6 months validity), one certified passport photo, round-trip flight reservations, accommodation booking or invitation letter, bank statements from the past 3 months, and proof of sufficient funds. Tourist applicants need bank statements plus an employment letter, or a sponsor's letter with financial proof. Business travelers require a company letter detailing activities, duration, and expense coverage.

Permanent residence through employment

After 3 years of continuous employment in Jamaica, you can apply for permanent residence. Requirements include proof of financial stability, a medical certificate confirming good health, police certificates from Jamaica and previous countries of residence, 2 photos certified by a Justice of the Peace, and reference letters from 2 reputable Jamaican citizens.

Permanent residence through marriage

Spouses of Jamaican citizens can apply for permanent residence by submitting a valid passport (minimum 6 months), original marriage certificate, spouse's birth certificate or passport, proof of financial means, medical certificate, and required police certificates.

Unconditional Landing status

Jamaicans by birth, descent, or naturalization, as well as CARICOM nationals, can obtain Unconditional Landing status. This permits work and study in Jamaica and is obtained by submitting the appropriate documentation to PICA.

Current situation: October 2025

Hurricane Melissa struck Jamaica on October 27, 2025, causing significant damage across the island. Following this event, the US Embassy temporarily reduced services and authorized departure of non-essential personnel. The travel advisory level was raised to 3, recommending travelers reconsider trips to Jamaica. Check the official PICA website regularly for updates on the situation.

Jamaica's labor market is experiencing particularly favorable conditions, with unemployment at a historic low of 3.3% in Q2 2025. This strong economic environment, combined with a workforce of 1.494 million people, creates excellent opportunities for skilled professionals across multiple sectors.

Labor market dynamics

As of April 2025, Jamaica had 1.444 million employed persons, representing an increase of 24,200 compared to the previous year. Unemployment rates vary by gender: 2.5% for men and 4.3% for women. Labor force participation reaches 74.5% among men and 64.3% among women. This positive trajectory reflects sustained economic growth over recent years.

Salary levels and compensation

The average net salary stands at JMD 110,514 monthly after taxes, approximately USD 700. The median salary reaches JMD 195,326 monthly (around USD 1,244). Since June 1, 2025, the minimum wage increased to JMD 16,000 per week (approximately USD 102), equating to JMD 69,333 monthly (around USD 442) for full-time employment. This historic 43.8% increase demonstrates the government's commitment to improving living standards.

Key sectors and opportunities

The tourism sector remains the primary employer and economic driver, generating approximately 35% of GDP. Areas like Montego Bay, Ocho Rios, and Negril concentrate numerous opportunities in hospitality, dining, and visitor services. The financial services sector, particularly developed in Kingston, regularly seeks qualified professionals. The Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry is experiencing strong growth and employs thousands. Education and information technology fields also offer promising prospects, especially for experienced professionals.

The following table provides an overview of average monthly salaries across different professional sectors, giving you insight into compensation levels by industry.

Source: Remote People

Obtaining a work permit

All foreign nationals working in Jamaica must obtain a Work Permit from the Ministry of Labour & Social Security. Applications are typically initiated by the Jamaican employer, who must demonstrate that no qualified Jamaican citizen is available for the position. Processing can take several weeks, so plan ahead before arrival. Permits are usually granted for one year and are renewable.

Starting a business in Jamaica

Jamaica encourages entrepreneurship and offers a relatively favorable environment for business formation. The main legal structures available are Limited Liability Companies and Sole Proprietorships. Registration is completed through the Companies Office of Jamaica. Expect approximately 2 to 4 weeks to finalize incorporation procedures. Entrepreneurs must also register with Tax Administration Jamaica (TAJ) to obtain a Taxpayer Registration Number (TRN). The tourism, technology, agriculture, and business services sectors offer genuine development prospects.

Working conditions and leave entitlements

The standard work week is 40 hours, typically spread over 5 days. Full-time employees receive 10 days of paid leave after their first year of service, progressively increasing to 15 days after 5 years' tenure. Jamaica observes 9 official public holidays annually. Notice periods for termination range from 2 weeks to 3 months depending on tenure. The legal retirement age is set at 65 years, though some sectors allow continued employment beyond this age.

Jamaica's tax system is primarily based on income tax and consumption tax. The Tax Administration Jamaica (TAJ) manages all tax matters. Like most Commonwealth countries, the tax year runs from April 1 to March 31 of the following year. Jamaican tax residents are taxed on worldwide income, while non-residents pay tax only on Jamaican-source income.

Personal income tax

For the 2025/2026 fiscal year, the exemption threshold was raised to JMD 2 million annually (approximately USD 12,740), a significant increase aimed at reducing the tax burden. The system uses progressive brackets. Income up to JMD 2 million is tax-exempt. The next bracket, from JMD 2 million to 4 million, is taxed at 25%. Income from JMD 4 million to 6 million attracts a 30% rate, while all income exceeding JMD 6 million faces a marginal rate of 40%.

Social security contributions: National Insurance Scheme

The National Insurance Scheme (NIS) is Jamaica's social security system. Employees contribute 3% of gross salary, while employers contribute 3.5%, totaling 6.5% of earnings. These contributions fund retirement pensions, sickness benefits, maternity benefits, and work injury compensation. Self-employed individuals must also contribute to NIS, typically at a fixed monthly rate based on declared income.

General Consumption Tax

The General Consumption Tax (GCT) is Jamaica's equivalent of VAT/GST, with a standard rate of 15% on most goods and services. Certain products and services benefit from reduced rates or exemptions, including basic foodstuffs, medications, educational services, and financial services. GCT is included in displayed retail prices.

Education Tax: a dedicated contribution

The Education Tax is levied at 2.25% on gross income of both employees and self-employed individuals. This tax is specifically allocated to funding Jamaica's education system, reflecting the country's commitment to educational development.

Property Tax

Real property owners in Jamaica are subject to Property Tax, calculated on the annual rental value of the property. Rates typically range from 0.5% to 1% of property value, with possible exemptions for primary residences below certain value thresholds.

Tax treaties and US citizens

Jamaica has tax treaties with several countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom. US citizens should be aware that they remain subject to US tax filing requirements regardless of where they live. The Foreign Earned Income Exclusion and Foreign Tax Credit can help avoid double taxation, but it's essential to consult with a tax professional familiar with both jurisdictions. FATCA reporting requirements also apply to US citizens living abroad.

Filing obligations

Tax residents must file annual tax returns by March 15 each year for the fiscal year ending the previous March 31. Employers operate a monthly withholding system called PAYE (Pay As You Earn), similar to systems in the UK and other Commonwealth countries. Self-employed individuals must make quarterly estimated payments. Obtaining a Taxpayer Registration Number (TRN) is mandatory for any professional activity in Jamaica and serves as your tax identification number.

Jamaica's healthcare system combines an accessible public network funded by the National Health Fund (NHF) and a private sector offering higher-quality services. While the public system is available to all, many international residents opt for private health insurance to access faster care in better-equipped facilities.

Public healthcare system

The National Health Fund (NHF) forms the backbone of Jamaica's public system. Funded through dedicated taxation and government contributions, it covers part of healthcare costs for residents. Public hospitals like the University Hospital of the West Indies in Kingston, Cornwall Regional Hospital in Montego Bay, and Mandeville Regional Hospital provide subsidized care. Spanish Town Hospital and Annotto Bay Hospital complete the network. Public health centers offer consultations at modest fees, sometimes free for certain population categories.

However, the public system faces significant challenges. Wait times can be lengthy, particularly for non-urgent procedures. Equipment and resources are often limited, and medical staff may be understaffed. For serious emergencies, the service functions adequately, but for specialized care or prompt treatment, the private sector is often preferred.

Private facilities and international clinics

The private sector offers modern infrastructure and reduced wait times. Andrews Memorial Hospital in Kingston provides 24/7 emergency services and various specialties. The International University of Nursing collaborates with several private clinics to deliver quality care. In Montego Bay, numerous private clinics serve the international community. Medical Associates, with locations in Kingston and Montego Bay, offers general and specialist consultations. Private sector fees are significantly higher: expect USD 50 to 95 for a general practitioner consultation, with specialist care costing considerably more.

Private health insurance

Securing international health insurance is strongly recommended for comprehensive coverage and access to top facilities. Local companies like Sagicor and Guardian Life offer plans suited to residents. For international coverage including medical evacuation to the US or Canada when needed, insurers like Cigna Global, Allianz Care, or AXA provide expat-specific packages. Premiums vary considerably based on age, coverage level, and deductibles, ranging from USD 150 to 500 monthly for comprehensive coverage.

Pharmacies and medications

Pharmacies are plentiful in Jamaica, particularly in urban areas. The Fontana Pharmacy chain is widespread with outlets in Kingston, Montego Bay, and other towns. Many common medications are available over-the-counter. Prescription medications are generally accessible, though some specialized treatments may require importation. Medication costs vary: generics are affordable, while imported or brand-name drugs can be expensive.

Emergency services and contacts

For medical emergencies, dial 110 for ambulances. Public emergency services can be slow, especially outside Kingston. For rapid evacuation to private facilities, some insurance plans provide private ambulance services. The US Embassy maintains an updated list of recommended doctors and facilities for international residents. It's wise to identify the nearest healthcare facilities to your home upon arrival.

Vaccinations and health precautions

No vaccinations are mandatory for entering Jamaica unless arriving from a yellow fever risk area. However, staying current on standard vaccines is recommended: tetanus, diphtheria, hepatitis A and B, and typhoid. Jamaica is not a malaria risk zone, but mosquitoes can transmit dengue, chikungunya, or Zika virus. Use repellents and mosquito nets, particularly during rainy season. Tap water isn't consistently potable everywhere; opt for bottled water or use filtration systems.

Jamaica's education system offers several options for international families, from English-language international schools to local institutions. With English as the medium of instruction, linguistic integration is generally smoother than in many other Caribbean destinations.

Local education system

The Jamaican system follows the British model with several stages: Primary School from ages 6 to 12, Secondary School from 12 to 17, and Sixth Form for the final 2 years before university. Students take the Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC) at 16, equivalent to British O-Levels, then the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination (CAPE) at 18, comparable to A-Levels. Public schools are free but often overcrowded with limited resources. Private local schools generally offer better teaching conditions and smaller class sizes.

International schools

The American International School of Kingston (AISK) is the premier institution for international families. Located in Kingston, it enrolls approximately 240 students from kindergarten through grade 12, offering a complete American curriculum. The school is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and provides Advanced Placement (AP) courses for high school students. Tuition fees range around USD 15,000 to 20,000 annually depending on grade level, with additional enrollment fees of approximately USD 3,000. AISK features excellent facilities: science laboratories, modern library, sports facilities, and varied extracurricular activities.

Hillel Academy, also in Kingston, is a private school offering quality education from kindergarten through secondary levels. While originally founded as a Jewish school, it now welcomes students of all backgrounds and provides rigorous academic instruction. Fees are generally lower than AISK, ranging from USD 8,000 to 12,000 annually.

Other educational options

In Montego Bay, Montego Bay Christian Academy offers an American Christian curriculum from kindergarten through high school. In Kingston, Immaculate Conception High School and Campion College are prestigious private Jamaican institutions known for academic excellence, with more affordable fees than international schools. These schools follow the Jamaican curriculum but maintain high standards and effectively prepare students for CSEC and CAPE examinations.

Enrollment procedures

International school enrollment typically requires several months' advance notice due to limited spaces. For AISK, contact the school via its official website and submit an application including previous report cards, a recommendation letter, and sometimes an admission test. Waiting lists can be lengthy, especially for certain grade levels. It's crucial to initiate this process as soon as your relocation plans are confirmed.

Higher education

The University of the West Indies (UWI) at Mona, Kingston, is Jamaica's principal university and among the Caribbean's most reputable. It offers programs across numerous fields: medicine, engineering, social sciences, law, and economics. Tuition fees for international students range from USD 8,000 to 15,000 per year depending on the program. Other institutions like the University of Technology Jamaica and Northern Caribbean University also provide quality education.

Jamaica's real estate market varies significantly by location. Desirable Kingston neighborhoods and tourist areas like Montego Bay command prices comparable to major Western cities, while less touristy regions remain very affordable.

Types of accommodation available

Apartments are primarily found in urban areas like Kingston and Montego Bay. Modern complexes with security, pools, and amenities are popular with international residents. Standalone houses with yards are common in residential and suburban areas. Beachfront villas or hillside properties offer exceptional living environments at premium prices. Gated communities are widespread, providing security and community services, particularly popular in neighborhoods like Cherry Gardens and Ironshore.

Rental costs by major city

In Kingston, the business and government center, rents for a one-bedroom apartment downtown range from JMD 80,000 to 120,000 monthly (USD 510 to 765). In suburban areas, prices drop to JMD 50,000-70,000 (USD 320 to 445). A three-bedroom downtown costs between JMD 180,000 and 300,000 (USD 1,150 to 1,910).

In Montego Bay, a major tourist hub, rates are similar or higher in prime areas. A one-bedroom apartment near beaches costs between JMD 90,000 and 140,000 (USD 575 to 890). Oceanview villas can reach JMD 400,000 to 600,000 monthly (USD 2,550 to 3,820).

Ocho Rios and Negril show slightly lower rents than Montego Bay, with one-bedroom apartments between JMD 70,000 and 100,000 (USD 445 to 640). In Mandeville, a highland town prized for its cooler climate, rents are more accessible: JMD 40,000 to 70,000 (USD 255 to 445) for a one-bedroom apartment.

Property purchase

Foreign nationals can purchase real estate in Jamaica without special restrictions. In Kingston, price per square meter in sought-after neighborhoods like New Kingston or Cherry Gardens ranges from JMD 250,000 to 400,000/m² (USD 1,590 to 2,550/m²). A 3-bedroom family home in a good neighborhood typically costs between JMD 40 million and 80 million (USD 255,000 to 510,000).

In Montego Bay, particularly in areas like Ironshore or Rose Hall, beachfront villas sell for JMD 80 million to 200 million (USD 510,000 to 1.27 million). Apartments in gated complexes start around JMD 25 million (USD 159,000).

Recommended neighborhoods for international residents

In Kingston, Cherry Gardens, New Kingston, and Liguanea are preferred areas, offering security, proximity to shops, and international schools. Barbican and Red Hills are also valued for their tranquility. In Montego Bay, Ironshore, Rose Hall, and Freeport concentrate gated communities and amenities. In Ocho Rios, the White River hillsides offer peace and panoramic views.

Rental procedures

Renting typically requires a security deposit equivalent to 1 or 2 months' rent, plus first month paid in advance. Landlords often request professional and banking references. Leases are generally for a minimum of one year, renewable. Visit multiple properties and thoroughly check installations (air conditioning, plumbing, security) before signing. Engaging a local real estate agent can facilitate the process, typically charging fees equivalent to one month's rent.

Utilities and service charges

Monthly utilities include electricity (expensive due to air conditioning, expect JMD 15,000 to 30,000 or USD 95 to 190), water (moderate, JMD 2,000 to 5,000 or USD 13 to 32), and internet and phone (JMD 8,000 to 15,000 or USD 50 to 95 for good speeds). In gated communities, monthly maintenance fees apply, typically between JMD 10,000 and 25,000 (USD 65 to 160), covering security, common area maintenance, and sometimes amenities like pools or gyms.

An international move to Jamaica requires careful planning and several months of preparation. From customs formalities to shipping belongings and logistical arrangements, here are the essential steps for a successful relocation.

Complete relocation checklist

1. Visa and documentation (3-6 months ahead): Initiate long-stay visa or work permit procedures with the Jamaican embassy. Gather passports, birth certificates, diplomas, bank statements, and all official documents. Have non-English documents translated and authenticated.
2. Health and insurance (2-3 months ahead): Complete comprehensive medical check-ups and update vaccinations. Secure international health insurance covering Jamaica. Prepare a medical kit with regular medications for several months, accompanied by prescriptions in English.
3. Children's schooling (4-6 months ahead): Contact the American International School of Kingston or other institutions to check availability and enrollment deadlines. Prepare school records and transcripts translated into English.
4. Housing (2-4 months ahead): Search for accommodation through specialized websites or local real estate agents. Consider furnished accommodation for the first months if not shipping furniture immediately. Plan a reconnaissance visit if possible.
5. Shipping belongings (2-3 months ahead): Request multiple quotes from international movers specializing in the Caribbean. Sea freight by container is the most economical option, requiring 6 to 8 weeks transit time. Establish a detailed English inventory of all items for customs.
6. Customs formalities (1-2 months ahead): Research Jamaican customs regulations on permitted items and exemptions available to new arrivals. Personal effects and used furniture are generally duty-exempt. Budget for customs clearance and final delivery fees.
7. Banking and finances (1-2 months ahead): Notify your bank of your relocation. Open a Jamaican bank account before departure if possible, or plan this upon arrival. Arrange US dollar cash for the first weeks, easily exchangeable locally.
8. Vehicle (as needed): Decide whether to import your vehicle or purchase locally. Importing involves taxes and homologation procedures. Note that driving is on the left in Jamaica. An international driving permit is recommended, though national licenses may suffice temporarily.
9. Cancel subscriptions and contracts (1 month ahead): Terminate or suspend phone, internet, utilities, and local insurance policies. Arrange mail forwarding or establish a home address with family or friends.
10. Tax status (before departure): Consult a tax advisor to clarify your status and avoid double taxation. Inform tax authorities of your residence change.
11. Networking and community (start now): Join online expat groups and Jamaica-focused forums to gather advice and insights. Identify community resources that will facilitate your integration.

Estimated moving costs

An international move to Jamaica represents a significant investment. For a 20-foot container (approximately 30 m³), expect USD 3,000 to 6,000 depending on your departure city. A 40-foot container costs between USD 5,000 and 9,000. Add Jamaican customs clearance fees (USD 500 to 1,500), final delivery charges (USD 300 to 800), and possible temporary storage fees. For lighter shipments, consolidation (shared container) or air freight are pricier per kilo but suitable for smaller volumes.

First days on the island

Upon arrival, several administrative tasks require prompt attention. Obtain your Taxpayer Registration Number (TRN) from Tax Administration Jamaica, essential for any professional activity. Open a local bank account by presenting your passport, proof of address, and a recommendation letter from your employer or home bank. Subscribe to mobile service with operators Flow or Digicel. Arrange internet and electricity services. Locate nearby shops, pharmacies, and health centers. Take time to adjust to the local pace of life and explore your new neighborhood.

Jamaica offers exceptional cultural richness and diverse leisure opportunities, from paradise beaches to verdant mountains, alongside a vibrant music scene and fascinating historical heritage.

Beaches and water activities

Jamaica's coastline ranks among the Caribbean's finest. Seven Mile Beach in Negril, with its white sand and turquoise waters, is among the most famous. Doctor's Cave Beach in Montego Bay attracts visitors for the water's supposed therapeutic properties. James Bond Beach in Oracabessa, a filming location for several 007 movies, offers spectacular scenery. Frenchman's Cove in Port Antonio combines a fine sand beach with a river mouth in lush surroundings. Diving and snorkeling enthusiasts will appreciate the coral reefs at Montego Bay Marine Park and wrecks accessible from Ocho Rios.

Mountains and nature

The Blue Mountains rise to over 2,200 meters, offering breathtaking mountain landscapes. Hikers can climb Blue Mountain Peak to watch sunrise over the island. The region produces some of the world's most renowned coffee, and visiting plantations like Craighton Estate reveals the entire production process. Dunn's River Falls near Ocho Rios are cascading waterfalls you can climb with professional guides. Luminous Lagoon in Falmouth offers a unique natural phenomenon: bioluminescent microorganisms illuminate the water at night, creating a magical spectacle.

Musical heritage and festivals

Jamaica is the birthplace of reggae, ska, and dancehall. The Bob Marley Museum in Kingston, housed in the legendary singer's former residence at 56 Hope Road, is an essential pilgrimage site. Trench Town Culture Yard, the neighborhood where Bob Marley grew up, lets you discover the roots of the Rastafarian movement and reggae. Festivals punctuate the year: Reggae Sumfest in July at Montego Bay is the island's largest reggae and dancehall festival. The Jamaica Jazz and Blues Festival attracts international artists each January. Numerous sound systems and clubs in Kingston host dancehall and reggae events throughout the year.

Cuisine and rum

Jamaican cuisine is spicy and flavorful. Jerk Chicken or Jerk Pork, marinated in a spice blend and slow-cooked over charcoal, is the signature dish. Ackee & Saltfish, the national dish made from ackee fruit and salted cod, is enjoyed at breakfast. Patties (spiced meat turnovers) are a popular snack. Jamaican rum enjoys worldwide reputation: Appleton Estate in Nassau Valley offers tours and tastings of its aged rums. Seafood restaurants at Hellshire Beach near Kingston serve freshly caught fish and shellfish in an authentic local atmosphere.

Sports and outdoor activities

Cricket is the national sport, and attending a match at Sabina Park in Kingston immerses you in Jamaican passion for the game. Track and field is also a national pride, with Jamaica producing legends like Usain Bolt. Golf is played on several world-class courses, including the White Witch Golf Course at Rose Hall and the Tryall Club in Montego Bay. Rivers like the Rio Grande and Martha Brae offer bamboo raft trips, a relaxing activity in the heart of nature. Horseback riding on the beach or in the mountains is available at several equestrian centers.

Nightlife and entertainment

Kingston has lively nightlife, particularly in the New Kingston district where bars, clubs, and lounges concentrate. Street dances (impromptu street parties) offer an authentic dancehall culture experience. Montego Bay and Negril also feature numerous bars and clubs, often beachfront, with atmospheres ranging from chill reggae to energetic dancehall. Casinos in Montego Bay attract those seeking more formal entertainment.

Jamaica's cost of living is generally lower than Western countries, particularly when adopting a local lifestyle. Data compiled in August 2025 shows living in Jamaica costs approximately 22% less than the United States excluding rent, and 34% cheaper with rent included. Imported goods remain expensive, and tourist areas command higher prices. Electricity represents a significant expense due to daily air conditioning use.

Monthly budget for a single person

Here's a detailed estimate of average monthly expenses for someone living alone in Jamaica, based on a comfortable but reasonable lifestyle, using data collected in Kingston reflecting national averages.

Source: Numbeo, August 2025 data

Monthly budget for a family of four

A family with two children enrolled in an international school requires a significantly higher budget, primarily due to tuition fees and larger accommodation needs.

Source: Numbeo, August 2025 data

Common item prices

A meal at an inexpensive restaurant costs approximately JMD 800 to 1,500 (USD 5 to 10), while a meal for two at a mid-range restaurant reaches JMD 8,000 to 12,000 (USD 50 to 75). A liter of milk costs JMD 350 (USD 2.20), a dozen eggs JMD 500 (USD 3.20), and a kilogram of chicken JMD 800 (USD 5). Local fruits and vegetables are very affordable at markets. A cappuccino at a café runs JMD 500 (USD 3.20). Gasoline costs approximately JMD 180 per liter (USD 1.15).

Budget optimization tips

Shop at local markets for groceries rather than international supermarkets. Cook at home and limit imported products that cost 2 to 3 times more. For transportation, purchasing a used vehicle may prove more economical than long-term rental. Negotiate rental rates, particularly for long-term leases. Compare health insurance offers to find the best coverage-price ratio. Gradually adopt a local lifestyle: this will significantly reduce expenses while fostering integration.