Living in Namibia: the ultimate expat guide

Namibia implemented major immigration changes in April 2025, introducing mandatory visa requirements for 33 countries including the US, UK, EU nations, Canada, and Australia. Understanding these new regulations is essential for planning your relocation.

Visa on Arrival: the standard entry option

The Visa on Arrival now applies to most Western nationals, valid for 30 to 90 days. Non-African Union members pay NAD 1,600 (approximately USD 90 or GBP 70), while AU members pay NAD 1,200. Children under 6 enter free, while those aged 6-11 pay NAD 800.

You can apply online through the government e-services portal before travel (48-hour processing) or upon arrival at Hosea Kutako International Airport in Windhoek, Walvis Bay Airport, or land border posts including Oshikango, Trans-Kalahari, Katima Mulilo, and Ngoma.

Requirements include a passport valid for at least 6 months with 3 blank pages, return ticket, proof of accommodation, and online payment. The visa permits multiple entries during the approved period and can be extended through the Ministry of Home Affairs in Windhoek before expiration.

Business Investment Permit: for entrepreneurs and investors

If you're planning to establish a business or invest in Namibia, the Long-Term Work Permit for investors provides the pathway. This permit, initially valid for 2 years and renewable, typically requires a minimum investment of NAD 2 million (approximately USD 110,000), though this may be reduced for priority sectors.

Priority areas include tourism, agriculture, logistics, and manufacturing. In October 2025, President Nandi-Ndaitwah announced a new 5-year visa for serious investors, streamlining long-term residency. Permanent residence becomes available after 5 years of legal residency, or immediately if your investment exceeds NAD 10 million.

Residence by real estate investment

The President's Links Estate Program offers an interesting pilot initiative: purchasing property valued between USD 316,000 and USD 365,000 may qualify you for a residence permit. Developed in partnership with Henley & Partners, this program is currently under government review, so verify its current status before proceeding.

Work permits

The Short-term Employment Permit enables legal employment based on your contract duration. Your employer typically handles the application process through the e-services platform. Processing takes 3-4 months, so plan accordingly.

Traveling with minors: strict documentation required

Namibia enforces rigorous regulations for travel with children. You must present an unabridged birth certificate (original or certified copy). Single-parent travel requires notarized consent from the other parent. If a parent is deceased, provide the death certificate. These requirements are strictly enforced at all entry points to protect children's welfare.

Namibia's employment landscape presents both challenges and opportunities. The official unemployment rate stands at 19.1% (2024), down slightly from 19.4% in 2023. Youth unemployment remains particularly high, with 41.9% of 15-24 year-olds neither employed nor in education. However, skilled expatriates find genuine opportunities in specific sectors.

Understanding the job market

The average salary sits at NAD 2,215 per month (approximately USD 122), though this figure masks significant disparities. In reality, 55.4% of workers earn below NAD 5,000 monthly, while only 2.6% exceed NAD 40,000. The median salary on Numbeo stands around NAD 16,513 after tax, better reflecting professional compensation levels.

Effective January 1, 2025, the general minimum wage is NAD 18 per hour, equating to approximately NAD 3,507 monthly for a 45-hour week. Specific rates apply to domestic workers (NAD 12/hour, rising to NAD 18 by 2027) and agricultural workers (NAD 10/hour, increasing to NAD 18 by 2027).

High-demand sectors

Mining remains the economic backbone, with Namibia ranking as the world's second-largest uranium producer, alongside significant diamond, gold, and base metal resources. Tourism is rebounding strongly post-COVID, with 2.1 million arrivals projected for 2025, creating demand for experienced hospitality professionals.

Financial services and IT typically offer the highest salaries in the market. The manufacturing sector shows notable expansion, while wholesale and retail accounts for about 10% of total employment. Agriculture, though limited by the arid climate, remains important, particularly in cattle and sheep ranching.

Here's an overview of sectoral opportunities and compensation levels:

Sources: Trading Economics, Playroll, Future Media News

Starting a business

Namibia's business environment is progressively modernizing. In November 2025, the Business and Intellectual Property Authority (BIPA) opened a new one-stop-shop facility, significantly streamlining registration procedures. Key steps include registering with BIPA, obtaining an investor permit (for foreign nationals), registering for tax with NamRA (Namibia Revenue Agency), enrolling with the Social Security Commission, and VAT registration if annual turnover exceeds NAD 1 million.

Investor visa processing typically takes 3-4 months. Priority sectors for foreign investment include manufacturing, logistics, tourism, agriculture and agro-processing, plus enabling sectors like infrastructure, health, education, and energy. The government offers various incentives, including developing special economic zones, tax reductions for new businesses, and loss carryforward provisions of 5 years (10 years for natural resources).

For young adults accompanying families or seeking to study in Southern Africa, Namibia offers several decent higher education institutions with tuition fees well below European or South African rates.

Main universities

The University of Namibia (UNAM), the country's main public university, operates multiple campuses across Namibia, with the primary campus in Windhoek. It offers Bachelor's, Master's, and PhD programs across diverse fields: sciences, engineering, medicine, law, commerce, humanities, and education. The institution welcomes both Namibian and international students in a multicultural environment.

The Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST), also based in Windhoek, focuses on applied sciences, technology, and engineering. Its practical orientation and industry connections make it a relevant choice for technical training. Programs cover computing, civil and mechanical engineering, management, health, and natural sciences.

The International University of Management (IUM), a private university, offers programs in business, computing, health, and social sciences. With its main campus in Windhoek and several regional branches, it particularly attracts students in management and commerce.

Tuition and student living costs

Public institution tuition ranges from NAD 20,000 to NAD 60,000 annually (approximately USD 1,100 to USD 3,300), varying by program and study level. Private universities charge higher rates. Add accommodation costs (university residences or private rental), food, transport, and study materials for a total student budget of NAD 80,000 to NAD 150,000 annually.

Student life in Windhoek remains affordable compared to Western standards. University residences offer rooms between NAD 2,000 and NAD 4,000 monthly. Shared apartment accommodation costs NAD 3,000 to NAD 6,000 per person. Public transport, though limited, remains economical, with many students opting for cycling or carpooling.

International student admission requirements

International candidates must provide secondary diploma equivalency (high school diplomas from most countries are generally recognized), demonstrate English proficiency via TOEFL or IELTS testing (unless prior schooling was in English), and obtain a student visa. This is acquired through the Ministry of Home Affairs after presenting a university acceptance letter, proof of sufficient financial resources, and valid health insurance.

Application deadlines vary by program, but applying at least 6 months before the intake is recommended. The academic year typically begins late January or early February. Namibian universities maintain admissions offices that support international students through procedures.

Namibia's tax system underwent significant reforms in 2025, aimed at boosting investment and simplifying compliance. The country operates on a residence-based taxation principle: if you're deemed a tax resident, you're liable for tax on worldwide income. The system remains relatively straightforward and progressive.

Personal income tax structure

The Income Tax operates on progressive brackets. Since 2025, income up to NAD 100,000 annually is tax-exempt. Beyond that, rates range from 18% to 37% for the highest bracket (income exceeding NAD 1.5 million). The system includes a personal allowance of NAD 100,000, effectively creating a tax-free threshold for lower earners.

Interest income receives special treatment: the first NAD 50,000 is exempt for individuals under 55, rising to NAD 150,000 for those over 55. Pension fund contributions are tax-deductible up to NAD 150,000 or 27.5% of taxable income, whichever is lower.

Social security contributions

Employees and employers both contribute to the Social Security Commission. Employees pay 0.9% of gross salary (capped at NAD 81 monthly), while employers contribute 0.9% (also capped at NAD 81). An additional maternity leave development fund requires 0.8% from employers.

A separate Development Fund contribution applies, with employees paying 1% (max NAD 10/month) and employers 1%. Total social charges remain moderate compared to many Western countries.

VAT and other taxes

The standard VAT (Value Added Tax) rate is 15% on most goods and services. Certain basic food items qualify for zero-rating. Businesses with annual turnover exceeding NAD 1 million must register for VAT.

Additional taxes include Transfer Duty on property transactions (0% to 12% based on value) and Stamp Duty on certain legal documents. Vehicle registration attracts a tax varying by value and type.

Corporate taxation

The 2025 tax reform reduced the corporate tax rate from 32% to 30%, enhancing competitiveness. Small businesses (turnover below NAD 1 million) benefit from a reduced rate of 18%. Mining operations face specific regimes, including an additional tax on excess revenues.

Tax implications for US citizens and UK residents

US citizens must be aware of FATCA (Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act) requirements, mandating reporting of foreign financial accounts. The US taxes worldwide income regardless of residence, though the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion may apply. Consult a tax advisor familiar with US-Namibia tax matters.

UK citizens should note that post-Brexit, taxation follows standard international principles. If you become a Namibian tax resident and maintain UK assets or income, ensure you understand the double taxation agreement provisions to avoid being taxed twice.

Namibia's healthcare system exhibits a stark divide between public and private sectors. While the country has made progress since independence, with life expectancy rising from 62 years in 2000 to 65.5 years in 2023, healthcare infrastructure remains unevenly distributed. International health insurance or a local medical aid scheme is strongly recommended.

Public healthcare: free but limited

The public sector operates approximately 52 hospitals, including 3 national referral hospitals and 4 regional hospitals, supplemented by over 300 health centers and clinics. Care is theoretically free for Namibian citizens at public facilities, but expatriates typically pay out-of-pocket. Medical staff shortages persist, with only 4 doctors per 10,000 inhabitants and 33 nurses per 10,000.

Wait times can be lengthy, equipment sometimes outdated, and care quality varies by region. Rural areas face particularly acute shortages. For serious medical emergencies, evacuation to South Africa (Johannesburg or Cape Town) may be necessary.

Private healthcare: quality at a cost

The private sector delivers significantly better quality care, concentrated primarily in Windhoek and Swakopmund. The country has 27 private hospitals with approximately 2,000 beds, plus numerous specialist clinics. Doctors are often trained in South Africa or Europe and speak English, Afrikaans, and sometimes German.

Major private facilities include Rhino Park Private Hospital and Windhoek Central Hospital Private Wing in Windhoek, plus Cottage Medi-Clinic in Swakopmund. Consultations cost between NAD 500 and NAD 1,000, while hospitalization can quickly reach several thousand dollars without insurance.

Medical insurance options

Several options exist. Local Medical Aid Funds, such as Namibia Medical Aid Fund (NamMed) or Namibia Health Plan (NHP), offer coverage designed for residents. Premiums vary by age and coverage level, expect NAD 2,000 to NAD 5,000 monthly for family coverage.

For comprehensive protection including international medical evacuations, international health insurance remains preferable. Insurers like Cigna, Allianz, or GeoBlue offer plans specifically for Southern Africa, covering private facilities and medical repatriation if necessary.

Pharmacies and medications

Pharmacies are well-stocked in major cities, particularly Windhoek where you'll find chains like Clicks and Dis-Chem. Most common medications are available by prescription. Bring an adequate supply of regular medications when relocating, giving you time to find local equivalents with a local doctor's help.

Selecting the right school is a critical decision for relocating families. Namibia offers several options, though choices remain more limited than in major African capitals. The local education system, taught in English since independence, can provide genuine language immersion.

The Namibian education system

Compulsory education runs from ages 6 to 16, divided into three cycles: Primary Education (7 years), Junior Secondary (3 years), and Senior Secondary (2 years, similar to high school). The academic year runs January to December, divided into four terms.

The local system offers complete English immersion and genuine integration into Namibian society. Public schools are free for residents, though infrastructure quality varies considerably. Private local schools generally provide better learning conditions with smaller classes and modern facilities.

International schools: the expat choice

Windhoek International School (WIS) is the flagship institution for expatriate families. Located in the capital, it enrolls approximately 500 students from 50 nationalities, covering early childhood through high school. The school follows the International Baccalaureate (IB) program, globally recognized, and also prepares students for the American diploma.

Tuition fees for 2024-2025 range from NAD 84,000 (approximately USD 4,600) for kindergarten to NAD 166,000 (approximately USD 9,100) for high school grades. Registration fees and various contributions add to these costs. WIS boasts excellent facilities: science laboratories, library, sports fields, and offers a rich extracurricular program.

Other options include Delta School Windhoek, also IB-based but in a smaller, family-oriented setting, and Swakopmund Private School on the coast, suitable for families settling in the beach region.

Distance learning alternatives

Unlike some African destinations, Namibia has no accredited international schools following curricula from specific English-speaking countries (British, American, Australian, Canadian). Families wanting to maintain their home country's curriculum must turn to distance learning options.

Several international distance learning providers offer comprehensive programs, including US-based programs, British curriculum providers, and Australian correspondence schools. This solution requires rigorous organization and daily parental involvement but maintains curriculum continuity.

Some families choose a hybrid approach: local English-language schooling supplemented by after-school tutoring or online enrichment programs. This fosters integration while maintaining academic standards.

Higher education opportunities

For young adults, the University of Namibia (UNAM) and Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST) offer quality programs at significantly lower rates than private universities, with annual fees ranging NAD 20,000 to NAD 60,000. Admission typically requires diploma equivalency and English proficiency, often verified through TOEFL or IELTS testing.

Namibia's property market has stabilized following pandemic disruptions. Finding suitable accommodation in major cities generally poses no major difficulty, though prices vary significantly by location and quality. The good news: foreign nationals can purchase real estate with minimal restrictions.

Rental market overview

Renting provides flexibility during initial settlement. In Windhoek, expect NAD 12,000 to NAD 25,000 monthly for a 2-3 bedroom apartment in secure residential areas like Ludwigsdorf, Olympia, or Klein Windhoek. Upscale houses with gardens in premium neighborhoods reach NAD 30,000-50,000 monthly.

In Swakopmund, prices run slightly lower: ocean-view apartments rent for NAD 10,000 to NAD 20,000, while spacious homes in quiet neighborhoods cost NAD 15,000-30,000. Walvis Bay, more industrial, offers even more affordable rates, with family homes starting around NAD 8,000.

Leases typically require 12-month minimum terms, with one or two months' deposit. Utilities (electricity, water, internet) add approximately NAD 2,000-4,000 monthly. Most landlords require bank and professional references plus proof of income.

Buying property: investment opportunities

The property market shows steady growth since 2024, with prices rising approximately 3-5% annually. In Windhoek, a 3-bedroom family home in a secure neighborhood averages NAD 2.5 to 4 million (approximately USD 137,000 to USD 220,000). High-end properties in areas like Eros or Academia can exceed NAD 6 million.

The purchase process is relatively straightforward for foreign nationals. You can acquire residential and commercial property without special authorization, except agricultural land which requires government permits. Transaction costs include Transfer Duties (0% to 12% based on property value), attorney fees (approximately 1% of value), and registration fees.

Namibian banks offer mortgages to foreign residents, typically up to 80% of property value, with interest rates around 10-12%. A substantial down payment and stable professional situation are required.

Property types

Namibia's housing stock consists mainly of single-family homes with gardens, often equipped with security systems (alarms, burglar bars, perimeter walls). Gated communities are rapidly developing in Windhoek, offering shared pools, green spaces, and 24/7 security. These secured estates particularly attract expatriates.

Condominiums remain less common but increasing in city centers, suitable for singles or young couples without children. In Swakopmund, ocean-view apartments constitute a particular market segment, popular for vacation homes or tourist rentals.

Recommended neighborhoods

In Windhoek, prioritize Ludwigsdorf, Olympia, Klein Windhoek, or Eros for tranquility and proximity to shops and international schools. Academia attracts families with its green environment. In Swakopmund, beachside residential areas like Vineta or Tamariskia offer exceptional quality of life with pleasant ocean climate year-round.

Moving halfway around the world requires meticulous organization. Between customs formalities, shipping personal effects, and numerous administrative procedures, start planning several months ahead. Here's a detailed checklist for a smooth transition to Namibia.

Pre-departure essentials

1. Visa and work permits: Secure your Visa on Arrival or Business Investment Permit at least 3 months before departure. Processing times can be lengthy, especially for investor permits.
2. Accommodation: Book temporary housing for initial weeks (hotel or short-term furnished rental) and schedule property viewings upon arrival. Sites like Property24 Namibia enable preliminary online research.
3. School enrollment: Register children as early as possible, ideally 6 months before the academic year starts (January). Windhoek International School has limited spaces.
4. Health insurance: Arrange international health insurance or local Medical Aid Fund coverage before departure. Never travel without medical coverage.
5. Driver's license: Your home country license is valid for 6 months in Namibia. Beyond that, you'll need to obtain a local license or secure an International Driving Permit before leaving.
6. Vaccinations: Ensure you're current on yellow fever (mandatory if transiting through certain countries), hepatitis A and B, typhoid, and rabies if spending time in the bush.
7. International moving: Obtain multiple quotes from specialized companies (Crown Relocations, AGS, Allied Pickfords). Allow 8-12 weeks for sea freight from Europe or North America.
8. Customs: Prepare a detailed inventory of personal effects. Used personal belongings are typically duty-exempt when establishing residency.
9. Important documents: Gather and certify: birth certificates, marriage certificates, diplomas, medical records, professional references.
10. Banking: Notify your bank of your expatriation, verify international transfer conditions, and plan to open a local account (Standard Bank, FNB, Bank Windhoek).

Upon arrival tasks

1. Ministry of Home Affairs registration: Declare your residence within 30 days of arrival if holding a long-term permit.
2. Bank account opening: Bring your passport, proof of residence (lease agreement or utility bill), and employer letter or income proof.
3. Social security registration: Enroll with the Social Security Commission for mandatory contributions.
4. Essential utilities: Arrange electricity (NamPower), water (City of Windhoek), internet (Telecom Namibia, MTC, Paratus), and mobile service (MTC or TN Mobile).
5. Community connection: Join expat groups through social media or the expat.com Namibia forum to facilitate integration and exchange practical advice with established residents.

Adaptation typically takes several months. Connect with the international community early to ease your transition and gain insights from those who've already navigated the relocation process.

Living in Namibia means access to some of Africa's most spectacular landscapes while enjoying modern urban amenities in major cities. Between wild nature and contemporary infrastructure, the country offers a unique balance appealing to adventure seekers and families seeking quality of life.

National parks and natural wonders

Etosha National Park, one of Africa's premier wildlife reserves, sits just 5 hours' drive from Windhoek. You'll observe elephants, lions, rhinos, giraffes, and hundreds of bird species around waterholes. Lodges inside and around the park enable self-drive safaris or guided tours with experienced rangers.

The Namib Desert, the world's oldest desert, offers surreal landscapes with the red dunes of Sossusvlei and Deadvlei. Accessible by 4x4 from Windhoek (approximately 5 hours), this must-see destination is best visited at sunrise. Further south, Fish River Canyon, the world's second-largest canyon after the Grand Canyon, provides spectacular multi-day hiking opportunities for the adventurous.

The Skeleton Coast along the Atlantic shoreline takes its name from numerous shipwrecks. This wild and mysterious region, with seal colonies at Cape Cross, attracts photographers and lovers of dramatic landscapes. More accessible, Swakopmund serves as a base for coastal exploration while enjoying the comfort of a lively beach town.

Outdoor activities and sports

Adventure sports enthusiasts find plenty to enjoy. Sandboarding on giant dunes near Swakopmund delivers thrills, as does quad biking in the desert. For the bold, skydiving over the Namib Desert offers unique perspectives.

Namibia boasts several quality golf courses, notably Windhoek Golf Club and Rossmund Golf Course in Swakopmund. Hiking is possible in numerous locations, from the Waterberg Plateau to the mountains of Damaraland. Birdwatching enthusiasts appreciate the over 600 bird species recorded across the country.

Urban life and culture

In Windhoek, cultural offerings include the National Theatre of Namibia, programming plays, concerts, and dance performances, plus several art galleries showcasing local and international artists. The National Museum of Namibia traces the country's history from prehistory to independence.

The dining scene is rapidly developing, with restaurants offering fusion cuisine blending German, African, and international influences. Joe's Beerhouse, a Windhoek institution, serves game meat and local beers in a convivial atmosphere. For fine dining, The Stellenbosch Wine Bar & Bistro presents a selection of South African wines and refined dishes.

Craft markets like the Namibia Craft Centre offer opportunities to purchase wood carvings, jewelry, textiles, and traditional art objects. Modern shopping centers at Maerua Mall and Grove Mall house international and local brands.

Weekend getaways and holidays

Namibia's geographic position enables diverse escapes. The Okavango Delta in neighboring Botswana is reachable within hours from the Caprivi Strip. Victoria Falls, on the Zambia-Zimbabwe border, makes an excellent extended weekend destination from northern Namibia. South Africa, with Cape Town just 2 hours by flight from Windhoek, offers a cosmopolitan urban alternative for recharging.

Namibia attracts growing numbers of European and South African retirees drawn by its dry climate, political stability, and reasonable cost of living. While the country doesn't offer a dedicated retirement visa like some neighbors, several pathways enable settling for your golden years in this exceptional setting.

Residency options for retirees

Without a specific retirement visa, main options include the investor visa through real estate purchase or establishing a small business (minimum investment NAD 2 million), successive Visa on Arrival renewals (administratively complex), or obtaining permanent residence after 10 years of continuous legal residency.

The pilot President's Links Estate program, though under review, could eventually facilitate residence through property purchase exceeding USD 300,000. Monitor developments with immigration authorities.

Popular retirement destinations

Swakopmund remains the favorite destination, with its temperate ocean climate, German architectural heritage, and significant German-speaking community. The town offers all necessary services, from shops to private healthcare facilities, while maintaining a relaxed seaside atmosphere. Leisure activities abound: golf, fishing, beach walks, restaurants, and social clubs.

Windhoek, though warmer and inland, attracts retirees seeking more urban animation and easier access to specialized medical services. The capital offers modern shopping centers, cultural activities, and international air connections. Quiet residential neighborhoods like Eros or Olympia combine tranquility with proximity to amenities.

Walvis Bay, Swakopmund's neighbor but more industrial, appeals to those seeking slightly lower coastal living costs. The lagoon and its flamingos provide permanent natural spectacle.

Financial considerations

Foreign pensions can be received in Namibia without major difficulty. However, they'll be taxable locally according to Namibian progressive rates if you become a tax resident. For US citizens, Social Security and private pensions follow specific rules under the US-Namibia tax treaty. UK state pensions remain taxable in the UK, while private pensions may be taxed in Namibia depending on the double taxation agreement provisions.

Cost of living, detailed in a dedicated section, enables a retired couple to live comfortably on a monthly budget of NAD 25,000 to NAD 35,000 (approximately USD 1,370 to USD 1,920), including housing and leisure. This varies by lifestyle and city of residence.

Healthcare for seniors

Private care quality in Windhoek and Swakopmund is satisfactory for common conditions and chronic disease management. Private hospitals have competent cardiology, orthopedics, and general medicine services. However, complex interventions or intensive oncology treatments often require evacuation to South Africa.

Subscribing to a local Medical Aid Fund or maintaining international health insurance including medical evacuations is essential. With age, premiums increase significantly, expect NAD 4,000 to NAD 8,000 per person monthly for comprehensive coverage after 65.

Namibia positions as a relatively affordable destination, particularly for those from Western countries. According to October 2025 data, the country ranks third in Southern Africa for cost of living, behind South Africa and Botswana. Practically, living in Namibia costs approximately 50% less than major cities in the UK or US, though disparities vary by expense category.

Imported products, particularly processed foods and electronics, display prices similar to or exceeding Western levels due to transport costs. Conversely, local products (meat, seasonal fruits and vegetables), personal services, and rent (outside premium Windhoek neighborhoods) remain notably more accessible.

Monthly budget for a single person

For a single person maintaining a comfortable lifestyle without excess, here's the average budget breakdown in Windhoek:

Sources: Numbeo Windhoek (October 2025)

Monthly budget for a family of four

A family of two adults and two school-age children requires a more substantial budget, particularly due to international school fees:

Sources: Numbeo Windhoek (October 2025), WIS

Everyday reference prices

Here are some indicative rates for concrete perspective: an inexpensive restaurant meal costs approximately NAD 120 (USD 6.50), while dinner for two at a mid-range establishment reaches NAD 600 (USD 33). Gasoline sells around NAD 20 per liter (USD 1.10). A liter of milk costs NAD 20, a kilogram of rice NAD 25, and a dozen eggs NAD 38. Local beer at a supermarket runs NAD 22, versus NAD 40-50 at a bar.

Imported clothing (international brands) displays European or US pricing, or higher. Conversely, personal services remain very affordable: a men's haircut costs NAD 120, a manicure NAD 200. A cinema ticket sells for NAD 100, and monthly gym membership NAD 600-900.

Namibia thus remains financially accessible, particularly for expatriates earning international or Western salaries. Families should, however, anticipate education costs as a major budget component.