Living in Wales: the ultimate expat guide

As part of the United Kingdom, Wales follows the UK immigration system. Since Brexit, all non-UK nationals, including EU citizens, are subject to the same immigration rules. Understanding which visa category fits your situation is essential for a smooth relocation.

Electronic Travel Authorization (ETA)

Since April 2025, the Electronic Travel Authorization (ETA) is mandatory for all non-visa nationals, including EU citizens, US citizens, Canadians, Australians, and others. This authorization permits tourist or business visits up to 6 months. Applications are completed online before travel and remain valid for multiple entries during the authorization period.

Work Visas

The Skilled Worker Visa is the primary route for employment in Wales. It requires a job offer from a licensed UK sponsor in an eligible skilled occupation. Note that since July 2025, the list of eligible occupations has been significantly reduced following UK government reforms, removing RQF level 3-5 roles (with some exceptions). The Global Talent Visa targets highly skilled individuals in science, digital technology, or arts and culture, with a streamlined 2025 process.

Graduates of UK universities can benefit from the Graduate Visa, now limited to 18 months (down from 2-3 years) under 2025 reforms. This visa allows work or job searching without sponsorship requirements.

Family Visas

Family Visas enable you to join a spouse, partner, or family member in the UK. The standard route to permanent residence (Indefinite Leave to Remain) takes 5 years for spouses of British citizens. However, ongoing reforms may extend this period to 10 years for certain visa categories from 2025-2026.

Application Process

UK visa applications follow a standardized process. First, check your eligibility at gov.uk/check-uk-visa. Complete your online application 3 months before your intended travel date. You'll need to book an appointment at a visa application center to provide biometric data (photo and fingerprints). Processing typically takes 3 weeks, after which you can collect your passport and documents from the center.

For specific questions about tax treaties (including US tax implications under FATCA for American citizens) or qualification recognition, consult the UK Visas and Immigration office or your nearest British embassy or consulate.

The Welsh job market features exceptionally low unemployment and a diversified economy. Whether seeking employment or planning to start a business, Wales offers solid opportunities, particularly in healthcare, technology, and financial services sectors.

Job Market Overview

Wales reports an unemployment rate of 3.5% as of March 2025, slightly below the UK average of 3.8%. The employment rate stands at 72.2% with 1.31 million employees on payroll in May 2025. The median salary reaches £34,303 per year (approximately $43,500 USD or $65,000 AUD), representing 92.6% of the UK average, which remains attractive given the 15% lower cost of living.

Key growth sectors include health and social services (NHS Wales is the largest employer with a £11.74 billion budget), financial services particularly concentrated in Cardiff, tourism (18 million annual visitors to Cardiff), technology and innovation, and renewable energy. Higher education also provides opportunities through respected universities in Cardiff and Swansea.

The table below presents key Welsh employment indicators, useful for comparing with other UK regions or international markets.

Sources: Gov.wales Labour Market, ASHE 2024

Starting a Business

Wales hosts 108,050 businesses, with 88.9% classified as micro-enterprises. Business formation follows the UK system through Companies House. You can choose between different structures: Limited Company (Ltd), similar to a corporation, Limited Liability Partnership (LLP), or Sole Trader (self-employed). Costs and timelines vary by structure, but registering a Ltd typically costs between £12 and £100.

The Welsh government provides support through Business Wales, offering free advice, training programs, and entrepreneurial guidance. Promising sectors for entrepreneurs include digital technology, business services, sustainable tourism, and renewable energy.

The Welsh tax system operates within the UK framework while exercising certain devolved tax powers. Income tax remains aligned with England, but Wales sets its own rates for specific local and property taxes. Understanding these specifics helps optimize your tax position as an international resident.

Income Tax

Wales applies Welsh Rates of Income Tax (WRIT), which are added to UK base rates. For 2025-2026, the Welsh government maintained a rate of 10 pence for each band, perfectly aligning Welsh taxation with England and Northern Ireland. Your tax code begins with the letter C if you're a Welsh resident.

The 2025-2026 tax bands are as follows: the Personal Allowance of £12,570 is tax-free. Between £12,571 and £50,270, you pay 20% (basic rate). Between £50,271 and £125,140, the rate increases to 40% (higher rate). Above £125,140, the additional rate of 45% applies. On a salary of £35,000, you'll pay approximately £4,486 in income tax, an effective rate of about 12.8%.

Council Tax

Council Tax is the local property tax funding community services (waste collection, schools, local police). The average amount for a Band D property is £2,170 per year in 2025-2026, a 7.2% increase from the previous year. Amounts vary considerably by local authority: £1,926 in Cardiff, but up to £2,464 in Merthyr Tydfil.

Council Tax is calculated on your property's value in April 2003 (April 1991 for England) and divided into bands A through I. The Council Tax Reduction Scheme supports 261,000 low-income households. Reductions are also available for students, single occupants, and retirees.

Land Transaction Tax

The Land Transaction Tax (LTT) is Wales's equivalent to UK Stamp Duty, applied when purchasing property. The main residential threshold is £225,000, exempting approximately 60% of transactions. Since December 2024, rates increased by 1% across all bands for main residences.

For second homes or buy-to-let investments, rates are approximately 5 percentage points above main residence rates. Restrictions on Multiple Dwellings Relief (MDR) apply since February 2025. For a £250,000 house purchase as your main residence, you'll pay £500 in LTT (1% on the £225,001-£250,000 band).

International Tax Treaties

The UK has signed double taxation agreements with over 130 countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, and most European nations. These treaties prevent your income from being taxed twice. If you're a Welsh tax resident but maintain income in your home country (rental income, dividends), you'll need to declare this income in both countries, but tax credits will prevent double taxation. For US citizens, note that FATCA reporting requirements still apply regardless of residence. Consulting an international tax advisor is recommended to optimize your situation.

Other Taxes

UK VAT applies at a standard rate of 20%, with reduced rates of 5% and 0% for certain goods and services. National Insurance contributions follow UK rates based on your income brackets. From 2027, Wales will introduce an optional local Visitor Levy (tourist tax): £1.30 per night for standard accommodation, £0.75 for camping, for guests aged 18 and over.

The Welsh healthcare system, NHS Wales (GIG Cymru in Welsh), provides free care at point of service for all residents. It's one of four UK health systems and offers certain advantages over other British nations, notably completely free prescription medications.

How NHS Wales Works

NHS Wales is tax-funded with a budget of £11.74 billion for 2024-2025, representing 49% of the Welsh government's total budget. Care is free at point of service: GP consultations, hospital stays, emergency treatment, and specialist care require no direct payment. Unlike England where prescriptions cost approximately £9.90, prescription medications are completely free in Wales since 2007.

NHS Wales is organized into 7 regional health boards: Betsi Cadwaladr (North, £1.9 billion budget), Cardiff and Vale, Swansea Bay, Aneurin Bevan (South East), Cwm Taf Morgannwg, Hywel Dda (West), and Powys (£391 million). Each health board manages hospitals, clinics, and services in its region.

Registration and Accessing Care

Upon arrival, register with a General Practitioner (GP) in your area. Your GP becomes your first point of contact for all health issues and will refer you to specialists when necessary. Registration is free and requires no insurance documentation. You'll receive an NHS number that follows you throughout your UK residence.

For emergencies, dial 999 or visit Accident & Emergency (A&E) departments at major hospitals: University Hospital of Wales in Cardiff, Morriston Hospital in Swansea, Royal Gwent Hospital in Newport, or Ysbyty Glan Clwyd in Bodelwyddan. The NHS Direct Wales service (111) provides 24/7 medical advice by phone in English and Welsh.

Dental and Optical Care

Unlike general medical care, dental and optical services aren't entirely free. NHS dental care follows a national tariff: approximately £25.80 for a routine examination, £70.70 for level 2 treatments (fillings, extractions), and £306.80 for complex treatments. Certain categories receive free care: under 18s, pregnant women or those who gave birth within the last 12 months, and recipients of certain social benefits.

Private Health Insurance

While NHS Wales covers all essential needs free of charge, some residents opt for private health insurance to avoid waiting times for certain non-urgent procedures. Major insurers include Bupa, AXA PPP, and Aviva. Costs vary by age, health status, and coverage level, but expect between £50 and £150 per month for standard individual coverage.

International residents from countries with reciprocal healthcare agreements may have additional options. Check with your home country's social security administration about maintaining coverage for visits home.

The Welsh education system distinguishes itself through bilingualism and offers quality teaching in both public and private sectors. Education is compulsory from ages 5 to 16, and international families can choose between free state schools, prestigious private schools, or international schools based on their linguistic and pedagogical preferences.

Local Education System

Welsh state education is completely free and of good quality. The major distinctive feature is bilingualism: parents can choose whether their child follows education in English, Welsh, or a bilingual curriculum. Approximately 19% of the population speaks Welsh, and the government actively encourages learning this Celtic language. Schools offering Welsh-medium education even receive additional funding.

The system comprises Primary Schools (ages 5-11), followed by Secondary Schools or Comprehensive Schools (ages 11-16). Students take GCSE exams at 16, then can continue to A-Levels (equivalent to high school graduation) in Sixth Forms (ages 16-18). The legal fee cap for international students in state schools is set at £1,255 per year, with reductions for schools teaching primarily through Welsh.

Private and International Schools

Wales has several high-quality private schools, particularly concentrated around Cardiff. Cardiff Sixth Form College ranks 13th in the UK and posts the country's best A-Level results. St John's College (50th UK rank) and The Cathedral School, Llandaff (77th UK rank) are also highly sought after by international families.

Outside Cardiff, St Michael's School in Llanelli (27th UK rank) hosts approximately 425 students with boarding available, a high proportion of international students, and over 90% A*-B grades at A-levels. Westbourne School in Penarth (near Cardiff) has 200 students and specializes in the International Baccalaureate, an interesting option for families considering future international mobility. Ruthin School, Monmouth School for Girls/Boys, Christ College Brecon, and St Gerard's School in Bangor complete the quality private offering.

For families seeking American or internationally-focused curricula, some international schools in Cardiff offer multicultural programs, though there are no dedicated American schools in Wales. British curriculum schools provide excellent preparation for both UK and international university admission.

Admission Process

Admission to private schools generally requires an English language test, a personal interview, and for GCSE level, exams in natural sciences and mathematics. For A-levels, candidates sit exams in 4 disciplines. Reference letters from previous schools and a personal statement are also required. It's advisable to begin the process 6-12 months before your intended start date, as places are limited at the best schools.

Finding housing in Wales is relatively straightforward compared to major metropolitan areas, with prices 15% lower than the UK average. Whether renting or buying, Welsh cities offer good value, particularly outside Cardiff.

Available Housing Types

The Welsh market offers various housing options suitable for all needs. Flats (apartments) range from studios to 3+ bedrooms, ideal for singles or couples. Terraced houses are very common and economical. Semi-detached houses offer more space with a garden, while detached houses represent the premium segment. Students will also find abundant student accommodation around universities in Cardiff, Swansea, and Bangor.

Rental Prices

In Cardiff, average rent reaches £1,138 per month in August 2025, a 9.1% increase year-over-year. This is the highest level in Wales, comparable to cities like Manchester or Birmingham. A 1-bedroom city center apartment costs approximately £800-950/month, while a 3-bedroom in the suburbs runs around £1,200-1,400/month.

The Welsh average is much more accessible at £811 per month (August 2025), with a 7.8% annual increase. Swansea offers rents below Cardiff, particularly attractive to students and young professionals. Newport is even more affordable, with rents approximately 20-30% lower than Cardiff while offering excellent train connections (20 minutes).

Property Purchase Prices

The average house price in Cardiff stands at £268,000 in July 2025 (approximately $340,000 USD or $510,000 AUD), a 2.3% annual increase. This is significantly cheaper than London (average £550,000) or major cities like Sydney or Toronto. First-time buyers in Cardiff pay an average of £231,000, while purchases with mortgages average £273,000. Detached houses saw a 4.2% annual increase, while apartments remained stable.

The Welsh average is even more advantageous at £209,000 (approximately $265,000 USD or $398,000 AUD). This significant difference from Cardiff allows families to find spacious properties with gardens in cities like Swansea, Newport, or rural areas for the price of a 2-bedroom Cardiff apartment.

Popular Neighborhoods

In Cardiff, the city center attracts young professionals for its proximity to transport and services. Canton is a lively residential family area close to the center with cafes and restaurants. Pontcanna is a sought-after neighborhood offering beautiful green spaces and a peaceful atmosphere. Cardiff Bay appeals with its modern waterfront development and contemporary apartments. Llandaff is ideal for families thanks to its historic cathedral and reputable schools like The Cathedral School.

In Swansea, the Mumbles seaside neighborhood is highly prized for exceptional quality of life. Uplands is residential and near the university. The Maritime Quarter offers modern waterfront housing. In Newport, the city center and Caerleon (quieter historic village) are the preferred areas.

Organizing your move to Wales requires careful planning, especially since Brexit changed the rules for all non-UK nationals. This checklist helps ensure you don't miss any important steps for your relocation.

Relocation Checklist

1. Visa and immigration documents: Check your eligibility and submit your UK visa application 3 months before departure. Don't forget the mandatory ETA since April 2025 for short stays.
2. Health insurance: Prepare for NHS Wales registration upon arrival. If you're from a country with reciprocal healthcare agreements, check what coverage transfers.
3. Housing: Sign your rental contract or finalize your property purchase. Expect a security deposit equivalent to 5 weeks' rent for rentals.
4. UK bank account: Open an account as soon as possible with your proof of address. Major banks include Lloyds, Barclays, HSBC, and NatWest.
5. Council Tax: Register with your local authority to pay your property tax (approximately £2,170/year for an average property).
6. Utilities: Set up electricity, gas, water, and internet contracts. Main providers include British Gas, EDF Energy, Scottish Power for energy, and BT, Virgin Media for internet.
7. Transport: If bringing your vehicle, you'll need to register it in the UK (DVLA). Exchange your driving license for a UK license if from certain countries (check gov.uk for specifics).
8. School enrollment: Register your children at their school as soon as you know your address. Places for September (UK school year start) fill quickly at good schools.
9. GP registration: Register with a General Practitioner surgery in your area to activate your NHS rights.
10. National Insurance Number: If working, apply for your NI number for social security contributions and UK pension rights.
11. International movers: For shipping your belongings internationally, compare quotes from international moving companies specializing in your home country to UK relocations.

Also anticipate closing accounts and contracts in your home country, transferring any applicable social security coverage, and informing your home country's tax authority of your change in tax residence to avoid issues with double taxation treaties. US citizens should consult with a tax advisor about FATCA reporting requirements.

Wales offers unique cultural and sporting experiences rooted in its ancient Celtic traditions. From festivals and legendary rugby to medieval castles and spectacular natural landscapes, social life and leisure activities abound for new residents.

Cultural Life

Welsh heritage is exceptional with the world's highest density of castles per square mile. Must-sees include Caernarfon Castle, Conwy Castle, Cardiff Castle, and Caerphilly Castle (the country's largest). Major museums like the National Museum Cardiff and St Fagans National Museum of History (open-air museum) are free and perfect for discovering Welsh history.

Performing arts are celebrated at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff, an architectural gem, and the Grand Theatre in Swansea. The Welsh National Opera enjoys international reputation. The Welsh choral tradition remains vibrant with male voice choirs in every valley. Festivals punctuate the year: the Eisteddfod (Welsh culture festival), the Hay Festival (international literature in Hay-on-Wye, the town of books), and numerous music festivals.

The Welsh language is integral to cultural identity. With 19% of speakers, you'll see bilingual signage everywhere and can even take free language courses to integrate more deeply into the local community.

Sports and Outdoor Activities

Rugby is practically a religion in Wales. The Principality Stadium in Cardiff (74,500 capacity) comes alive during Welsh national team matches, and the atmosphere in pubs during Six Nations matches is unforgettable. Football is also gaining popularity with Cardiff City FC and Swansea City AFC.

Nature lovers are spoiled for choice: hiking in Snowdonia National Park (Mount Snowdon summit at 1,085m), the Brecon Beacons (International Dark Sky Reserve), or along the Pembrokeshire Coast Path (186 miles of coastal trails). Mountain biking, rock climbing, surfing on the west coast, sailing, kayaking, and even canyoning are widely practiced. Artificial ski centers allow year-round skiing.

Tourist Attractions

Beyond castles, don't miss Portmeirion, a unique Italian-style village on the Welsh coast, the spectacular beaches of Three Cliffs Bay and Rhossili Bay in the Gower Peninsula (often voted among Europe's most beautiful beaches), the Pembrokeshire Coast with 42% designated Heritage Coast, and picturesque towns like Tenby and Conwy. Cardiff offers shopping, restaurants, and a lively nightlife scene in the Cardiff Bay area.

Wales offers excellent value with a cost of living 15% lower than the UK average and significantly more affordable than London or South East England. This economic attractiveness makes it an appealing destination for international residents seeking British quality of life without prohibitive capital city prices. Cardiff, while still affordable, remains more expensive than other Welsh cities.

Monthly Budget for a Single Person

Here's a realistic estimate of monthly expenses for a single person living in Cardiff, based on current cost of living data. Prices are given excluding rent, which varies considerably by neighborhood and housing type.

Source: Numbeo Cardiff (October 2025)

Monthly Budget for a Family of 4

A family of four (2 adults, 2 children) will have higher expenses, particularly for housing and food. Since state education is free, school fees only apply if choosing private education.

Sources: Numbeo Cardiff, Global Citizen Solutions UK (2025)

Useful Comparisons

Cardiff is 35.5% cheaper than New York (excluding rent) and requires approximately £4,440 to maintain the same living standard as £6,800 in London. Compared to major international cities, Cardiff's cost of living is similar to Manchester, Edinburgh, or comparable mid-sized cities in Canada and Australia, but with generally competitive British salaries. The average after-tax salary of £2,829/month comfortably covers 1.4 months of average expenses, providing good savings margin. Outside Cardiff, particularly in Swansea or Newport, costs can be reduced by an additional 20-30%.