Living in the Cook Islands: the ultimate expat guide

The Cook Islands launched their modernized ASYPX online platform in January 2025, streamlining visa and permit applications. The territory maintains a generous visa exemption policy for 193 countries, allowing visitors to enter without pre-arranged visas for short-term stays. The Immigration services remain available for in-person appointments when needed.

Tourist stays and visa exemptions

New Zealand passport holders receive 90 days upon arrival, while most other nationalities (including US, UK, Canada, Australia) get 31 days. Extensions cost NZ$100 per month, with maximum stays of 12 months for New Zealanders and 8 months for others. Entry requirements are straightforward: valid passport with 6 months validity, proof of onward travel, and sufficient funds. No advance visa application needed for initial entry from exempt countries.

Long-term Visitor Visa

For extended stays without working, the Long-term Visitor Visa permits residence up to 12 months (New Zealanders) or 8 months (other nationalities). This visa mandates comprehensive health insurance and strictly prohibits employment or study. It suits retirees, digital nomads with overseas income, or those taking extended sabbaticals in the Pacific.

Retiree Visa for pensioners

Pensioners qualify for the annually renewable Retiree Visa. Requirements include receiving a pension, maintaining comprehensive health and travel insurance, and demonstrating adequate funds. While prohibiting business activities or employment, the visa permits volunteer work. This option attracts Commonwealth retirees seeking tropical living while maintaining pension income streams.

Work Permit requirements

The Work Permit, valid up to 3 years, requires a confirmed job offer or business establishment. Employers must conduct labor market testing, and applicants need police certificates, medical examinations, and signed employment letters. The 2024 policy changes eliminated mandatory breaks between renewals, improving continuity for skilled workers. Processing begins offshore with a derogation letter allowing entry, with the permit issued upon arrival.

Investor Visa pathway

Foreign investors must secure Business Trade and Investment Board (BTIB) approval and register as foreign entities. The Investor Visa and Permit requires tax compliance and superannuation contributions. Information sharing between Immigration and BTIB ensures regulatory compliance across agencies.

Permanent residency path

Permanent Residency demands 10 years residence in the Cook Islands, reduced to 3 years for New Zealand citizens. Applicants must demonstrate significant contributions through skills, expertise, community work, or financial investment. A quota caps active permanent residence certificates at 650 (excluding Cook Islander spouses). Post-2018 reforms mandate proficiency in both English AND Cook Islands Māori.

Application process

Submit applications through the ASYPX online system launched January 2025. Required documents include passport, financial proof, health insurance, and return tickets. Standard processing takes 20 business days. Fees vary by visa category.

The Cook Islands labor market boasts an exceptional 1.2% unemployment rate (2021, Rarotonga), among the world's lowest. The employment-to-population ratio stands at 68.1%, with male participation at 72.2% versus female at 64.2%. This tight labor market reflects a tourism-driven economy with limited workforce, creating opportunities for skilled expatriates while presenting challenges for employers.

Income levels and wages

Median income reaches NZ$18,000 annually in Rarotonga (approximately USD 10,800 or GBP 8,500), while the Pa Enua (outer islands) report just NZ$11,000. Average annual income for those 15+ stands at NZ$19,249, with men earning NZ$20,209 versus women's NZ$18,348. Household income averages NZ$46,135 yearly, often requiring multiple earners. These figures fall below typical expatriate expectations, explaining why foreign workers typically occupy skilled positions or run businesses.

Key labor market indicators based on the 2021 census:

Sources: Cook Islands News, 2021 census

Growth sectors and opportunities

Public administration accounts for 17.8% of employment (2021), followed by wholesale and retail trade at 17.5%. The accommodation and food services sector employs 15% of workers, down from 20.9% in 2016 due to COVID-19 impacts but recovering strongly with 20,089 tourist arrivals recorded in August 2025. Government priorities target fisheries and agriculture for future expansion.

Demand centers on hospitality professionals, technical specialists, healthcare workers, and management roles in tourism. The Cook Islands Jobs website lists current vacancies.

Starting your business

The favorable tax environment attracts entrepreneurs, with corporate tax at 20% (28% for banks and insurance). Business registration occurs through the Business Trade and Investment Board (BTIB). International Business Companies (IBCs) enjoy complete exemption on foreign-source income, positioning the jurisdiction as a competitive offshore destination.

The absence of exchange controls facilitates international transactions. Company incorporation costs approximately NZ$250, with NZ$200 annual renewals. Promising sectors include sustainable tourism, business services, digital enterprises, and local product exports (black pearls, handicrafts).

Work permits and obligations

All employment or self-employment requires a Work Permit valid up to 3 years. Employers must prove no suitable local candidates exist. While no official minimum wage exists nationally, contracts must meet market standards. Employers contribute 6% to the mandatory superannuation (retirement) scheme, with employees contributing 5%.

The Cook Islands tax system offers advantages for expatriates and investors through competitive rates and strategic exemptions. A progressive income tax capped at 30%, combined with zero capital gains and inheritance taxes, creates an attractive fiscal environment. Local tax administration handles all collections, from value-added tax to social contributions.

Personal income tax

Progressive taxation operates across four brackets. The first NZ$10,000 of annual income is tax-free, benefiting lower earners. Income between NZ$10,001-20,000 is taxed at 15%, rising to 20% for NZ$20,001-30,000. All income exceeding NZ$30,000 faces the maximum 30% rate. This progression remains moderate compared to OECD countries.

Crucially for investors: no capital gains tax applies to investment profits, and no inheritance tax affects estate transfers, providing significant wealth preservation advantages.

Corporate taxation

Companies pay 20% tax on profits for standard operations, increasing to 28% for banks and insurance companies. International Business Companies (IBCs) benefit from preferential treatment with complete exemption on foreign-source income, attracting offshore structures. Distributed dividends face 15% withholding tax for both residents and non-residents.

Goods and Services Tax

The Cook Islands levy a Goods and Services Tax (GST) on most goods and services, though official sources show conflicting rates of 12.5% and 15%. Verify the current rate with local tax authorities. Businesses exceeding NZ$60,000 turnover must register for GST.

Social security contributions

The mandatory superannuation (retirement) scheme requires 6% employer contributions and 5% employee contributions. These fund the local retirement system, though many residents supplement with private arrangements, particularly New Zealand schemes given the close bilateral relationship.

US citizens and tax reporting

American citizens living in the Cook Islands remain subject to US worldwide taxation and FATCA (Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act) reporting requirements. While the Cook Islands impose local taxes, US citizens must file annual returns with the IRS and potentially pay US taxes on their Cook Islands income, depending on foreign tax credits and exclusions. The lack of a US tax treaty with the Cook Islands complicates planning, necessitating specialist advice.

International tax planning

The Cook Islands maintain limited tax treaties globally. UK citizens should verify their tax residency status carefully, particularly post-Brexit. Australian and New Zealand residents benefit from clearer frameworks given regional connections. Without extensive treaty networks, expatriates must carefully structure their affairs to minimize double taxation exposure. Professional tax advice is essential before relocating.

Healthcare in the Cook Islands centers on Rarotonga Hospital, the territory's sole hospital with 80 beds located in Avarua. This facility provides basic and emergency medical services, supplemented by clinics across the outer islands. Complex or specialized cases are evacuated to New Zealand under the free association arrangement, making comprehensive insurance crucial.

Available medical services

Rarotonga Hospital offers essential services including general practice, surgery, maternity, pediatrics, dental care, and emergency medicine. Satellite clinics operate in the Pa Enua (outer islands) providing basic coverage. Aitutaki maintains a clinic for routine needs. Operating hours typically run 8am-4pm weekdays, with 24/7 emergency services at Rarotonga.

Infrastructure challenges identified in the national health strategic plan include staff shortages, aging equipment, and limited specialist access. With over 80,000 Cook Islanders residing in New Zealand, medical brain drain affects service quality.

Medical evacuations to New Zealand

Serious conditions (cancers, complex surgeries, intensive care) require transfer to New Zealand hospitals. These medical evacuations are covered for permanent residents through public systems, but can cost tens of thousands of dollars for expatriates without proper coverage. This reality makes international health insurance non-negotiable.

Mandatory health insurance

All Long-term Visitor Visa and Retiree Visa holders must secure comprehensive health insurance before arrival. This requirement protects expatriates from evacuation costs to New Zealand or Australia. International providers like Allianz, Cigna Global, or Pacific Prime offer suitable coverage, with minimum requirements including hospitalization, repatriation, and emergency care.

Pharmacies and medications

Several pharmacies operate in Rarotonga, including CITC Pharmacy in the main shopping center. Medication supply can be limited, particularly for specialized treatments. Travel with adequate supplies of regular medications and English-language prescriptions. Medication prices generally align with New Zealand retail rates.

Preventive health and vaccinations

No vaccinations are mandatory for Cook Islands entry, though standard immunizations (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, hepatitis A and B) are recommended. Malaria risk is non-existent. Tap water is generally potable in Rarotonga, though some prefer bottled water. Sun protection is essential in tropical latitudes.

The Cook Islands education system provides free, compulsory schooling from ages 5-15, administered by the Ministry of Education. Instruction occurs in English, with significant Cook Islands Māori language and cultural components. International school options remain limited, with no traditional international schools operating in the territory.

Local school system

The curriculum divides into Primary School (ages 5-10), Intermediate School (ages 11-12), and Secondary School (ages 13-18). Public schools follow the New Zealand curriculum, with national examinations aligned to NZ standards. Students can complete the NCEA (National Certificate of Educational Achievement), recognized throughout New Zealand and several anglophone countries.

Major Rarotonga schools include Apii Te Uki Ou Primary School, Arorangi School, Nikao Maori School, and Tereora College (secondary). The latter serves as the main secondary institution, enrolling approximately 600 students. Facilities are functional but basic, with ongoing challenges recruiting qualified teachers.

Private and alternative schools

Araura College, a private secondary school in Rarotonga, offers smaller class sizes and enhanced supervision. Instruction follows the New Zealand curriculum in English. Tuition fees are not publicly listed; contact the school directly for current rates.

Several faith-based schools (Catholic and Protestant) provide private education, including St Joseph's School in Avarua. These institutions maintain solid academic standards while incorporating religious values.

Options for expatriate families

The absence of international schools or curriculum-based alternatives (British, American, IB) challenges expatriate families seeking education in other languages. Available options include:

1. Local school enrollment in English, promoting integration but requiring language proficiency
2. Distance learning through programs like UK correspondence schools or US online academies, requiring parental involvement
3. Homeschooling, legal in the Cook Islands subject to meeting local educational standards
4. Boarding school in New Zealand for secondary education, chosen by many local families given bilateral ties

School calendar and structure

The academic year follows the New Zealand calendar, beginning late January/early February and ending mid-December. Four terms are separated by two-week breaks, with a six-week summer holiday (December-January). This structure differs from Northern Hemisphere systems but aligns with Australasian norms.

Tertiary education and scholarships

No university operates in the Cook Islands. Students pursuing higher education attend institutions in New Zealand, Australia, or Fiji (University of the South Pacific). The Ministry of Education offers scholarships facilitating overseas study access, primarily for New Zealand institutions. Expatriates typically self-fund their children's international tertiary education.

The Cook Islands rental market remains constrained, concentrated primarily on Rarotonga where most housing stock and infrastructure exists. Expatriates face limited inventory and strict foreign ownership regulations. Long-term rentals prove difficult to secure from abroad, typically requiring on-island presence to finalize arrangements.

Property types available

Rental offerings include apartments, standalone houses, and villas. Properties range from basic studios to family homes with gardens. Amenities vary considerably: some units include air conditioning, equipped kitchens, and internet access, while others offer more spartan facilities. Construction typically suits tropical climate with verandas and natural ventilation.

Furnished rentals dominate, easing transitions for arriving expatriates. Unfurnished properties exist but remain uncommon. High-speed internet access is improving but not universal—essential verification for remote workers.

Rental costs and expenses

In Rarotonga, a one-bedroom apartment in town center averages NZ$1,069 monthly (approximately USD 640 or GBP 505), dropping to NZ$677 (USD 405/GBP 320) outside center. A three-bedroom in town center runs NZ$2,042 monthly (USD 1,225/GBP 965), versus NZ$1,413 (USD 850/GBP 670) outside center. Rates reflect tourist and expatriate demand rather than local wages.

Utilities (electricity, water, gas) average NZ$188 monthly for an 85m² apartment, plus NZ$80 monthly for internet. Security deposits typically equal one to two months' rent.

Finding accommodation

Search channels remain informal. Local classifieds, word-of-mouth, and Facebook groups serve as primary sources. Sites like Airbnb or VRBO offer long-term options, though predominantly tourist-oriented. The ck/private.htm site also lists local rentals.

Strongly recommend a reconnaissance trip before permanent relocation, allowing property viewings, landlord meetings, and accommodation verification. Lease agreements typically run 6 or 12 months minimum.

Property ownership restrictions

Foreign property purchase faces strict regulations. Only permanent residents or those married to Cook Islanders can acquire land or homes. The local land system includes customary land that cannot be alienated. Foreign investors seeking property must first obtain permanent residency—a lengthy process requiring 10 years residence (3 years for New Zealanders).

These restrictions protect land patrimony for future Cook Islander generations and prevent foreign property speculation.

Residential areas in Rarotonga

Circular Rarotonga offers distinct sectors. Avarua, the capital, concentrates shops and services but proves noisy. Arorangi (west coast) attracts residents with beaches and sunsets. Muri Beach (east coast) draws expatriates and tourists for its lagoon. Titikaveka (south) provides quieter residential environment. Prices vary minimally between sectors, with scarcity uniformly affecting the market.

Relocating to the Cook Islands demands meticulous preparation given geographic isolation and limited island infrastructure. Advance planning, selective packing, and logistics coordination form the foundation of successful transitions. Here's your essential roadmap for moving to the archipelago.

Pre-departure checklist

1. Visa and permits: Apply through the ASYPX system at least two months before departure to secure necessary authorizations
2. International health insurance: Secure comprehensive coverage including medical evacuation—mandatory for certain visas and critical given local healthcare limitations
3. Document preparation: Gather passports, birth certificates, diplomas, medical records, international driving permits, and bank statements in English
4. Tax planning: Consult specialists to clarify tax status in your home country and the Cook Islands, particularly important for US citizens subject to FATCA
5. Banking arrangements: Research account opening with local banks (Bank of the Cook Islands, ANZ Cook Islands) which may require physical presence
6. Temporary accommodation: Book lodging for initial weeks while securing long-term rentals on-island
7. Sea freight: Arrange shipment of personal effects with 6-8 week transit times from Europe or North America
8. Vehicle decisions: Determine whether to import your car (expensive) or purchase locally, where supply is limited but available
9. Children's education: Contact local schools for enrollment or arrange distance learning programs if required
10. Medical supplies: Stock regular medications with English prescriptions, as local supply can be unpredictable

Customs procedures

The Cook Islands permit duty-free import of used personal effects for new residents. Required documents include detailed goods inventory, proof of residence (Work Permit or long-stay visa), and potentially certificates of origin. Restrictions apply to perishables, plants, live animals, and certain electronics. Pet imports require veterinary certificates, current vaccination records, and potential quarantine periods.

Moving costs

Sea freight from Europe to the Cook Islands costs approximately USD 3,500-9,500 for a 20-foot container, depending on volume and carrier. Transit times range from 6-10 weeks. Air freight, faster but significantly costlier, suits only essential items. Often more economical to sell furniture and repurchase locally or from New Zealand.

Adapting to island life

Life in the Cook Islands requires adjustments: limited product availability, slower pace, import dependence for many goods. Geographic isolation means fewer commercial choices and generally higher prices than New Zealand or Australia. Successful adaptation involves accepting these constraints and integrating into the local community—essential for accessing resources and opportunities.

Cultural and recreational life in the Cook Islands blends Polynesian traditions with New Zealand influences, creating unique lifestyle opportunities for expatriates. Water activities naturally dominate, complemented by vibrant local culture and community events throughout the year. The archipelago favors outdoor living where nature takes center stage.

Water sports and nature activities

Muri Lagoon in Rarotonga serves as an ideal playground for kayaking, stand-up paddleboarding, and snorkeling. Crystal waters harbor rich marine life: tropical fish, rays, turtles, and coral. Scuba diving attracts enthusiasts with several remarkable sites around Rarotonga and Aitutaki. Local dive centers offer introductions and trips for certified divers.

Hiking trails traversing Rarotonga's mountainous interior provide spectacular vistas. The Cross-Island Track (approximately 3 hours) crosses the island through Papua Valley, while the Te Rua Manga Track leads to the famous "Needle Rock". Aitutaki, accessible via 45-minute domestic flights, captivates with its turquoise lagoon often ranked among the world's finest.

Events and festivals

The cultural calendar centers on several major occasions. The Te Maeva Nui Festival (July-August) celebrates Cook Islander culture with traditional dancing, singing, and sports competitions. The Tiare Festival (late November) honors the national flower with parades and concerts. Vaka Eiva (November) hosts international traditional canoe racing, attracting Pacific teams.

Island Nights offer Polynesian dance performances several times weekly at various hotels and restaurants, open to the public. These evenings provide excellent cultural introductions for newcomers.

Local cuisine

Cook Islands cuisine combines seafood and tropical fruits. Ika mata (raw fish marinated in coconut milk and lime) is the signature dish, served in virtually all restaurants. Rukau (taro leaves cooked in coconut milk) commonly accompanies meals. Sunday community barbecues following church perpetuate convivial traditions.

Rarotonga restaurants offer diverse options: local cuisine, Italian, Indian, and Pacific fusion. Punanga Nui Market (Saturday morning market in Avarua) sells fresh fruits, vegetables, fish, and local handicrafts in lively atmosphere. Prices prove more affordable than supermarkets.

Social life and community

The small community size facilitates connections and integration. Expatriates often gather around sports activities (rugby, beach volleyball, fitness) or during social events at waterfront bars and restaurants. Rehab Bar and Trader Jacks serve as popular socializing venues.

Religion holds significant place in Cook Islander society, with Sunday services followed by community meals. While not mandatory for expatriates, occasional participation facilitates integration. Respecting local traditions and Polynesian culture earns residents' appreciation.

Lifestyle constraints

Isolation can weigh over time: limited cinema options (one in Rarotonga), constrained cultural offerings, restricted commercial choices. Air connections, though existing to Auckland and Sydney, remain expensive and infrequent. Accessing certain products (specific clothing, electronics, books) often requires online ordering with extended delivery times. This island existence particularly suits those seeking simplicity and nature connection rather than urban stimulation.

Living costs in the Cook Islands run high due to geographic isolation and import dependence. Food products, fuel, and consumer goods originate primarily from New Zealand or Australia, driving price premiums. However, rent remains more affordable than major Australasian cities, and local products (fish, tropical fruits) offer reasonable pricing.

The following data from Numbeo (July 2025) helps estimate required budgets for Rarotonga living. These amounts are indicative and vary based on individual lifestyles and consumption patterns.

Single person budget

An individual living alone should anticipate the following monthly expenses for maintaining comfortable living standards in Rarotonga:

Sources: Numbeo Rarotonga (July 2025), estimates for health insurance and entertainment

Family of four budget

A family comprising two adults and two children requires substantially higher budgets, particularly for housing and groceries:

Sources: Numbeo Rarotonga (July 2025), estimates for schooling, health insurance, and entertainment

Common reference prices

To refine budget estimates, here are indicative prices observed in Rarotonga (July 2025):

1. Groceries: Bread (NZ$1.60), milk 1L (NZ$3.14), eggs dozen (NZ$6.50), chicken 1kg (NZ$15), apples 1kg (NZ$6), rice 1kg (NZ$4.50)
2. Dining: Budget meal (NZ$15-20), mid-range restaurant for two (NZ$80), local beer (NZ$6), cappuccino (NZ$5.75)
3. Transportation: Petrol per liter (NZ$2.61), used scooter (NZ$2,000-4,000), no regular public transport
4. Services: Gym membership monthly (NZ$80), men's haircut (NZ$25), dry cleaning (NZ$20)

These budgets exclude occasional travel to New Zealand or Australia, often necessary for specific purchases or family visits. Required living standards significantly exceed local median income of NZ$18,000/year, explaining why expatriates typically occupy skilled positions or run businesses.